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Diffuse axonal injury after a motorcycle accident. MRI after 3 days: on T1-weighted images the injury is barely visible. On the FLAIR, DWI and T2*-weighted images a small bleed is identifiable. DAI is difficult to detect since it does not show up well on CT scans or with other macroscopic imaging techniques, though it shows up microscopically. [9]
PTE is commonly difficult to treat with drug therapy, [3] [36] and antiepileptic drugs may be associated with side effects. [34] The antiepileptics carbamazepine and valproate are the most common drugs used to treat PTE; phenytoin may also be used but may increase risk of cognitive side effects such as impaired thinking. [9]
Closed head injury (coup contrecoup) can damage more than the impact sites on the brain, as axon bundles may be torn or twisted, blood vessels may rupture, and elevated intracranial pressure can distort the walls of the ventricles. [7] [10] [11] Diffuse axonal injury is a key pathology in concussive brain injury. [5] The visual system may be ...
Diffuse axonal injury is caused by shearing forces on the brain leading to lesions in the white matter tracts of the brain. [31] These shearing forces are seen in cases where the brain had a sharp rotational acceleration, and is caused by the difference in density between white matter and grey matter. [32]
Focal and diffuse brain injury are ways to classify brain injury: focal injury occurs in a specific location, while diffuse injury occurs over a more widespread area. It is common for both focal and diffuse damage to occur as a result of the same event; many traumatic brain injuries have aspects of both focal and diffuse injury. [ 1 ]
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Primary injury occurs at the moment of trauma and includes contusion, damage to blood vessels, and axonal shearing, in which the axons of neurons are stretched and torn. [1] The blood brain barrier and meninges may be damaged in the primary injury, and neurons may die. [7] Cells are killed in a nonspecific manner in primary injury. [8]
Effects of SBS are thought to be diffuse axonal injury, oxygen deprivation and swelling of the brain, [54] which can raise pressure inside the skull and damage delicate brain tissue, although witnessed shaking events have not led to such injuries. Direct injuries include skull fractures, cortical contusions, diffuse axonal injuries, and ...