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2. Ecological efficiency - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_efficiency

   Ecological efficiency is a combination of several related efficiencies that describe resource utilization and the extent to which resources are converted into biomass. [ 1 ] Exploitation efficiency is the amount of food ingested divided by the amount of prey production ( I n / P n − 1 {\displaystyle I_{n}/P_{n-1}} )

3. Water-use efficiency - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-use_efficiency

   Water-use efficiency is also a much studied trait in Plant ecology, where it has been used already in the early 20th century to study the ecological requirements of Herbaceous plants [12] or forest trees, [13] and is still used today, for example related to a drought-induced limitation of tree growth [14]

4. Productivity (ecology) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity_(ecology)

   The formula to calculate net ecosystem production is NEP = GPP - respiration (by autotrophs) - respiration (by heterotrophs). [22] The key difference between NPP and NEP is that NPP focuses primarily on autotrophic production, whereas NEP incorporates the contributions of other aspects of the ecosystem to the total carbon budget.

5. Ecological stoichiometry - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_stoichiometry

   Ecological stoichiometry (more broadly referred to as biological stoichiometry) considers how the balance of energy and elements influences living systems. Similar to chemical stoichiometry , ecological stoichiometry is founded on constraints of mass balance as they apply to organisms and their interactions in ecosystems . [ 1 ]

6. Redfield ratio - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redfield_ratio

   Redfield discovered the remarkable congruence between the chemistry of the deep ocean and the chemistry of living things such as phytoplankton in the surface ocean. Both have N:P ratios of about 16:1 in terms of atoms. When nutrients are not limiting, the molar elemental ratio C:N:P in most phytoplankton is 106:16:1. Redfield thought it wasn't ...

7. Ecosystem ecology - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_ecology

   Ecosystem ecology is philosophically and historically rooted in terrestrial ecology. The ecosystem concept has evolved rapidly during the last 100 years with important ideas developed by Frederic Clements, a botanist who argued for specific definitions of ecosystems and that physiological processes were responsible for their development and persistence. [2]