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Specific gravity for solids and liquids is nearly always measured with respect to water at its densest (at 4 °C or 39.2 °F); for gases, the reference is air at room temperature (20 °C or 68 °F). The term "relative density" (abbreviated r.d. or RD) is preferred in SI, whereas the term "specific gravity" is gradually being abandoned. [3]
API gravity is graduated in degrees on a hydrometer instrument. API gravity values of most petroleum liquids fall between 10 and 70 degrees. In 1916, the U.S. National Bureau of Standards accepted the Baumé scale, which had been developed in France in 1768, as the U.S. standard for measuring the specific gravity of liquids less dense than water.
The suggested values for liquid densities refer to "at the melting point (m.p.)" by default. ... G.W.C. Kaye and T.H. Laby in Tables of physical and chemical ...
+100 °Bé (specific gravity, 3.325) would be among the densest fluids known (except some liquid metals), such as diiodomethane. Near 0 °Bé would be approximately the density of water. −100 °Bé (specific gravity, 0.615) would be among the lightest fluids known, such as liquid butane.
Liquid properties Std enthalpy change of formation, Δ f H o liquid: −277.38 kJ/mol Standard molar entropy, S o liquid: 159.9 J/(mol K) Enthalpy of combustion, Δ c H o: −1370.7 kJ/mol Heat capacity, c p: 112.4 J/(mol K) Gas properties Std enthalpy change of formation, Δ f H o gas: −235.3 kJ/mol Standard molar entropy, S o gas: 283 J ...
Table obtained from Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. Specific gravity is referenced to water at 15.6 °C. See also "Typical Freezing and Boiling Points of Aqueous Solutions of DOWTHERM SR-1 and DOWTHERM-SR4000" (PDF). Dow Chemical. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2007
The Twaddell scale is a hydrometer scale used for measuring the specific gravity of liquids relative to water. On this scale, a specific gravity of 1.000 is reported as 0, and a specific gravity of 2.000 is reported as 200. [1]
The annotation, d a°C/b°C, indicates density of solution at temperature a divided by density of pure water at temperature b known as specific gravity. When temperature b is 4 °C, density of water is 0.999972 g/mL.