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The Tao Te Ching is a text of around 5,162 to 5,450 Chinese characters in 81 brief chapters or sections (章). There is some evidence that the chapter divisions were later additions—for commentary, or as aids to rote memorisation—and that the original text was more fluidly organised.
Jing (Chinese: 敬; Chinese: 敬) is a concept in Chinese philosophy which is typically translated as "reverence". It is often used by Confucius in the term gōngjìng (恭敬), meaning "respectful reverence". For Confucians, jìng requires yì, or righteousness, and a proper observation of rituals (lǐ).
[5]: 160 Besides some graphic variants and phonetic loan characters, like ci (兹 "mat, this") for ci (慈 "compassion, love", clarified with the "heart radical" 心), the most significant difference with the received text is the addition of heng (恆, "constantly, always") with "I constantly have three …"
Little is known about the life of Heshang Gong; however the impact of his writing is extensive in regards to the understanding and translation of the Dao De Jing, and is considered one of the earliest proponents of Taoist meditative practices which cultivate the “three treasures” of vitality, energy, and spirit, and the "dual cultivation ...
Occasionally two versions will have a homonym, and a third text with a character which is a synonym for one of the first two characters is useful. There are two Mawangdui Laozi texts, namely A (甲; written in earlier small seal script) and B (乙; written in later clerical script). Texts A and B were copied at different times, with A being the ...
The Tao Te Ching is the oldest text and representative of a speculative and philosophical approach to the Tao. The Daotilun is an eighth century exegesis of the Tao Te Ching , written from a well-educated and religious viewpoint that represents the traditional, scholarly perspective.
The Zhuangzi (historically romanized Chuang Tzŭ) is an ancient Chinese text that is one of the two foundational texts of Taoism, alongside the Tao Te Ching.It was written during the late Warring States period (476–221 BC) and is named for its traditional author, Zhuang Zhou, who is customarily known as "Zhuangzi" ("Master Zhuang").
Laozi (/ ˈ l aʊ d z ə /), also romanized as Lao Tzu among other ways, was a semi-legendary Chinese philosopher and author of the Tao Te Ching (Laozi), one of the foundational texts of Taoism alongside the Zhuangzi.