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Exposure to particulate matter of less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter led to significant changes in ROS levels, indicating that particulate matter exposure was a causative agent of oxidative stress in Tigriopus japonicus. [42] In addition to aquatic invertebrates, negative effects of particulate matter have been noted in mammals as well.
The guidelines stipulate that PM 2.5 should not exceed 5 μg/m 3 annual mean, or 15 μg/m 3 24-hour mean; and that PM 10 should not exceed 15 μg/m 3 annual mean, or 45 μg/m 3 24-hour mean. [2] For ozone (O 3 ), the guidelines suggest values no higher than 100 μg/m 3 for an 8-hour mean and 60 μg/m 3 peak season mean. [ 2 ]
PM 2.5, 24 hour 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 50 150 40 100 50 2 5 160 100 35 100 150 500 80 200 150 4 10 200 160 75 150 475 650 180 700 250 14 35 300 215 115 200 800 800 280 1200 350 24 60 400 265 150 300 1600 (2) 565 2340 420 36 90 800 800 250 400 2100 (2) 750 3090 500 48 120 1000 (3) 350 500 2620 (2) 940 3840 600 60 150 1200 (3) 500
This list contains the top 500 cities by PM2.5 annual mean concentration measurement as documented by the World Health Organization covering the period from 2010 to 2022. The January 2024 version of the WHO database contains results of ambient (outdoor) air pollution monitoring from almost 5,390 towns and cities in 63 countries.
40 CFR 50.5: Particulate matter (PM 10) Primary and Secondary 150 μg/m 3: 24-hour Not to be exceeded more than once per year on average over 3 years 40 CFR 50.6: Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) Primary 9.0 μg/m 3 (12 μg/m 3 prior to May 6, 2024) [25] annual Annual mean, averaged over 3 years 40 CFR 50.18: Secondary 15 μg/m 3: annual
On the other hand, the risk of fatal cardiovascular diseases is higher in African American men and women than white men and women. For example, 25% of African American men have 6.67% or greater increased risk of fatal cardiovascular disease while only 10% of the white men have the same level of increased risk. [43]
Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are particulate matter of nanoscale size (less than 0.1 μm or 100 nm in diameter). [1] Regulations do not exist for this size class of ambient air pollution particles, which are far smaller than the regulated PM 10 and PM 2.5 particle classes and are believed to have several more aggressive health implications than those classes of larger particulates. [2]
Particulates or atmospheric particulate matter (see below for other names) are microscopic particles of solid or liquid matter suspended in the air.The term aerosol refers to the particulate/air mixture, as opposed to the particulate matter alone, [1] though it is sometimes defined as a subset of aerosol terminology. [2]