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The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body. [ 1 ] The muscular systems in vertebrates are controlled through the nervous system although some muscles (such as the cardiac muscle ) can be completely autonomous.
Intrafusal muscle fibers detect the amount and rate of change in muscle length. [1] It is by the sensory information from gamma motor neurons and beta motor neurons that an individual is able to judge the position of their muscles.
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 16 February 2025. List of organ systems in the human body Part of a series of lists about Human anatomy General Features Regions Variations Movements Systems Structures Arteries Bones Eponymous Foramina Glands endocrine exocrine Lymphatic vessels Nerves Organs Systems Veins Muscles Abductors Adductors ...
The muscular system in vertebrates consists of three different types of muscles: cardiac, skeletal and smooth. Cardiac muscle is a striated muscle that makes up the heart. It is the only type of muscle consisting of branching fibers. Skeletal muscle consists of voluntary muscles attached to the frame of the skeletal system enabling bodily movement.
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is the most studied myokine, other muscle contraction-induced myokines include BDNF, FGF21, and SPARC. [64] Muscle also functions to produce body heat. Muscle contraction is responsible for producing 85% of the body's heat. [65] This heat produced is as a by-product of muscular activity, and is mostly wasted.
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Fiber length is also a key variable in muscle anatomy. Fiber length is the product of both the number of sarcomeres in series in the fiber and their individual lengths. As a fiber changes length, the individual sarcomeres shorten or lengthen, but the total number does not change (except on long timescales following exercise and conditioning).
If the change in length (ΔL) is approximated as the longitudinal tensile displacement, the apparent tensile modulus (E app) becomes: = The length of the muscle fiber (L) is orders of magnitude larger than the thickness (H), making the term (L/H) 2 very large. Therefore, the apparent longitudinal modulus much greater than the true shear modulus.