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(It may be possible to specify boot parameters which control the level of detail in the messages.) The booting process typically happens at a speed where individual messages scroll off the top of the screen before an operator can read/digest them. The dmesg command allows the review of such messages in a controlled manner after the system has ...
It formats and prints the contents of the last login log file, /var/log/lastlog (which is a usually a very sparse file), including the login name, port, and last login date and time. It is similar in functionality to the BSD program last , also included in Linux distributions; however, last parses a different binary database file ( /var/log ...
The Unix command clear takes no arguments and is roughly analogous to the command cls on a number of other operating systems. In ISO 9995-7 specifies that the following symbol be used to indicate this function on a keyboard, which is included in Unicode as: ⎚ CLEAR SCREEN SYMBOL. [2] One may use the reset command to erase every previous command.
The Linux console is a system console internal to the Linux kernel. A system console is the device which receives all kernel messages and warnings and which allows logins in single user mode. [ 1 ] The Linux console provides a way for the kernel and other processes to send text output to the user, and to receive text input from the user.
These log messages can then be used to monitor and understand the operation of the system, to debug problems, or during an audit. Logging is particularly important in multi-user software, to have a central overview of the operation of the system. In the simplest case, messages are written to a file, called a log file. [1]
The command w on many Unix-like operating systems provides a quick summary of every user logged into a computer, [1] what each user is currently doing, and what load all the activity is imposing on the computer itself. The command is a one-command combination of several other Unix programs: who, uptime, and ps -a.
The term "real time" in this context refers to elapsed wall-clock time, like using a stop watch. The total CPU time (user time + sys time) may be more or less than that value. Because a program may spend some time waiting and not executing at all (whether in user mode or system mode) the real time may be greater than the total CPU time.
watch is a command-line tool, part of the Linux procps and procps-ng packages, that runs the specified command repeatedly and displays the results on standard output so the user can watch it change over time. By default, the command is run every two seconds, although this is adjustable with the -n secs argument.