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Diabetic nephropathy, also known as diabetic kidney disease, [5] is the chronic loss of kidney function occurring in those with diabetes mellitus. Diabetic nephropathy is the leading causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) globally. The triad of protein leaking into the urine (proteinuria or albuminuria ...
Albuminuria is a pathological condition wherein the protein albumin is abnormally present in the urine (>30 mg per day). It is a type of proteinuria.Albumin is a major plasma protein (normally circulating in the blood); in healthy people, only trace amounts of it are present in urine, whereas larger amounts occur in the urine of patients with kidney disease.
This is termed the albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) [10] and microalbuminuria is defined as ACR ≥3.5 mg/mmol (female) or ≥2.5 mg/mmol (male), [11] or with both substances measured by mass, as an ACR between 30 and 300 μg albumin/mg creatinine. [12]
In orthostatic albuminuria urine protein excretion returns to normal while in a supine position, such as laying down. Orthostatic albuminuria is the most common cause of isolated proteinuria in those under 20. [5] The prevalence of orthostatic albuminuria is suspected to be between 2 and 5%, [6] however some studies suggest that it is more ...
The Major Diagnostic Categories (MDC) are formed by dividing all possible principal diagnoses (from ICD-9-CM) into 25 mutually exclusive diagnosis areas. MDC codes, like diagnosis-related group (DRG) codes, are primarily a claims and administrative data element unique to the United States medical care reimbursement system. DRG codes also are ...
[9] [10] The ratio between urinary concentrations of albumin and creatinine can be used in the absence of a 24-hour urine test for total protein. This coefficient will be greater than 200–400 mg/mmol in nephrotic syndrome.
However, diabetes does cause higher morbidity, mortality and operative risks with these conditions. [41] Diabetic foot, often due to a combination of sensory neuropathy (numbness or insensitivity) and vascular damage, increases rates of skin ulcers (diabetic foot ulcers) and infection and, in serious cases, necrosis and gangrene. It is why it ...
The ICD-10 Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) is a set of diagnosis codes used in the United States of America. [1] It was developed by a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human services, [2] as an adaption of the ICD-10 with authorization from the World Health Organization.