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Optical image of four tungsten transition-edge sensors for near-infrared single-photon detection. Image credit: NIST. A transition-edge sensor (TES) is a type of cryogenic energy sensor or cryogenic particle detector that exploits the strongly temperature-dependent resistance of the superconducting phase transition.
Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) systems store energy in the magnetic field created by the flow of direct current in a superconducting coil that has been cryogenically cooled to a temperature below its superconducting critical temperature. This use of superconducting coils to store magnetic energy was invented by M. Ferrier in 1970.
An operating temperature is the allowable temperature range of the local ambient environment at which an electrical or mechanical device operates. The device will operate effectively within a specified temperature range which varies based on the device function and application context, and ranges from the minimum operating temperature to the maximum operating temperature (or peak operating ...
How stable its output voltage or current is under varying line and load conditions; How long it can supply energy without refueling or recharging (applies to power supplies that employ portable energy sources) Operating and storage temperature ranges; Output is constant voltage type or constant current type
However, currently known high-temperature superconductors are brittle ceramics that are expensive to manufacture and not easily formed into wires or other useful shapes. [4] Therefore, the applications for HTS have been where it has some other intrinsic advantage, e.g. in: low thermal loss current leads for LTS devices (low thermal conductivity),
Conventional superconductors usually have critical temperatures ranging from around 20 K to less than 1 K. Solid mercury, for example, has a critical temperature of 4.2 K. As of 2015, the highest critical temperature found for a conventional superconductor is 203 K for H 2 S, although high pressures of approximately 90 gigapascals were required ...
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Although direct and indirect liquid cooling may be introduced in the future, the current design of new electronic equipment is geared towards maintaining air as the cooling medium. [13] A well-developed "holistic" approach is required to understand current and future thermal management problems.