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BitLocker is a logical volume encryption system. (A volume spans part of a hard disk drive, the whole drive or more than one drive.) When enabled, TPM and BitLocker can ensure the integrity of the trusted boot path (e.g. BIOS and boot sector), in order to prevent most offline physical attacks and boot sector malware. [37]
The individual sector keys are stored on disk and encrypted with a master key. (See GBDE for details) LRW: The Liskov-Rivest-Wagner tweakable narrow-block mode, a mode of operation specifically designed for disk encryption. Superseded by the more secure XTS mode due to security concerns.
Disk encryption does not replace file encryption in all situations. Disk encryption is sometimes used in conjunction with filesystem-level encryption with the intention of providing a more secure implementation. Since disk encryption generally uses the same key for encrypting the whole drive, all of the data can be decrypted when the system runs.
Key management takes place within the hard disk controller and encryption keys are 128 or 256 bit Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) keys. Authentication on power up of the drive must still take place within the CPU via either a software pre-boot authentication environment (i.e., with a software-based full disk encryption component - hybrid ...
The hidden volume has its own separate file system, password, and encryption key distinct from the container volume. The content of the hidden volume is encrypted and resides in the free space of the file system of the outer volume—space which would otherwise be filled with random values if the hidden volume did not exist.
A common purpose of cold boot attacks is to circumvent software-based disk encryption. Cold boot attacks when used in conjunction with key finding attacks have been demonstrated to be an effective means of circumventing full disk encryption schemes of various vendors and operating systems, even where a Trusted Platform Module (TPM) secure cryptoprocessor is used.
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The tweakable narrow-block encryption (LRW) [9] is an instantiation of the mode of operations introduced by Liskov, Rivest, and Wagner [10] (see Theorem 2). This mode uses two keys: is the key for the block cipher and is an additional key of the same size as block.