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Monocytes are produced by the bone marrow from precursors called monoblasts, bipotent cells that differentiated from hematopoietic stem cells. [5] Monocytes circulate in the bloodstream for about one to three days and then typically migrate into tissues throughout the body where they differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells.
Macrophages and intestinal macrophages have high plasticity causing their phenotype to be altered by their environments. [124] Like macrophages, intestinal macrophages are differentiated monocytes, though intestinal macrophages have to coexist with the microbiome in the intestines. This is a challenge considering the bacteria found in the gut ...
Monocyte to macrophage differentiation factor also known as PAQR11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MMD gene. It is a member of the progestin and adipoQ receptor family. [ 5 ] PAQR11 is a scaffold protein that is localized to the Golgi apparatus.
In response to the inflammatory recruitment signals, monocytes are able to penetrate the arterial wall through transendothelial migration, as they can even in healthy arteries. Once in the sub endothelium space, inflammation processes induce the differentiation of monocytes into mature macrophages. [11]
U-937 cells mature and differentiate in response to a number of soluble stimuli, adopting the morphology and characteristics of monocytes, macrophages or dendritic cells. [3] U-937 cells are of myeloid lineage and thus secrete a large number of cytokines and chemokines either constitutively (e.g., IL-1 and GM-CSF) or in response to soluble stimuli.
Monocytes will then develop into macrophages or dendritic cells upon tissue damage and recruitment of monocytes into the infected area. [1] During recruitment monocytes are distinct from macrophages and dendritic cells, but upon entering the infected area, monocytes will acquire inflammatory effector functions and then differentiate into ...
Bone-marrow-derived macrophage (BMDM) refers to macrophage cells that are generated in a research laboratory from mammalian bone marrow cells. [1] [2] [3] BMDMs can differentiate into mature macrophages in the presence of growth factors and other signaling molecules.
It has been shown that epithelioid cells are formed only from plasmocytoid-type monocytes and have been named pre-epithelioid cells, bypassing the stage of differentiation into macrophages. It has been shown that in chronic inflammation, the number of pre-epithelioid monocytic cells committed to epithelioid cell differentiation increases in the ...