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Tin-silver-copper (Sn-Ag-Cu, also known as SAC), is a lead-free alloy commonly used for electronic solder.It is the main choice for lead-free surface-mount technology (SMT) assembly in the industry, [1] as it is near eutectic, with adequate thermal fatigue properties, strength, and wettability. [2]
Most lead-free replacements for conventional 60/40 and 63/37 Sn-Pb solder have melting points from 50 to 200 °C higher, [17] though there are also solders with much lower melting points. Lead-free solder typically requires around 2% flux by mass for adequate wetting ability. [18]
Soldering copper pipes using a propane torch and a lead-free solder. Solder is a metallic material that is used to connect metal workpieces. The choice of specific solder alloys depends on their melting point, chemical reactivity, mechanical properties, toxicity, and other properties.
Common solder alloys include tin-lead, tin-silver, and tin-copper, among others. Lead-free solder has also become more widely used in recent years due to health and environmental concerns associated with the use of lead. In addition to the type of solder used, the temperature and method of heating also play a crucial role in the soldering process.
Eutectic alloys for soldering, both traditional alloys composed of lead (Pb) and tin (Sn), sometimes with additional silver (Ag) or gold (Au) — especially Sn 63 Pb 37 and Sn 62 Pb 36 Ag 2 alloy formula for electronics - and newer lead-free soldering alloys, in particular ones composed of tin, silver, and copper (Cu) such as Sn 96.5 Ag 3.5.
The more common lead-free solder systems have a higher melting point, e.g. a 30 °C typical difference for tin-silver-copper alloys, but wave soldering temperatures are approximately the same at ~255 °C; [47] however at this temperature most typical lead-free solders have longer wetting times than eutectic Pb/Sn 37:63 solder. [49]
Fusible alloys are typically made from low melting metals. There are 14 low melting metallic elements that are stable for practical handling. These are in 2 distinct groups: The 5 alkali metals have 1 s electron and melt between +181 (Li) and +28 (Cs) Celsius; The 9 poor metals have 10 d electrons and from none (Zn, Cd, Hg) to three (Bi) p electrons, they melt between -38 (Hg) and +419 (Zn ...
In the 21st century, almost all soldering is carried out with lead-free solder, both on manufactured assemblies and in rework, to avoid the health and environmental hazards of lead. Where this precaution is not necessary, tin-lead solder melts at a lower temperature and is easier to work with.
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