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Within the brain, the glial limiting membrane is an important constituent of the blood–brain barrier. Experiments using electron-dense markers have discovered that functional components of the blood–brain barrier are the endothelial cells that compose the vessel itself.
The signalling protein ERK5 is essential for maintaining normal endothelial cell function. [28] A further consequence of damage to the endothelium is the release of pathological quantities of von Willebrand factor , which promote platelet aggregation and adhesion to the subendothelium, and thus the formation of potentially fatal thrombi.
The BBB is composed of endothelial cells restricting passage of substances from the blood more selectively than endothelial cells of capillaries elsewhere in the body. [9] Astrocyte cell projections called astrocytic feet (also known as "glia limitans") surround the endothelial cells of the BBB, providing biochemical support to those cells. [10]
The blood–brain barrier is formed by special tight junctions between endothelial cells lining brain blood vessels. Blood vessels of all tissues contain this monolayer of endothelial cells, however only brain endothelial cells have tight junctions preventing passive diffusion of most substances into the brain tissue. [1]
Osteocytes, the most common cell type within mature cortical bone, actively participate in the growth and maintenance of TCVs through the transfer of mitochondria to endothelial cells. Scanning electron microscopy images have revealed that osteocytes possess numerous dendritic processes with expanded, endfoot-like structures. These endfeet ...
Parietal epithelial cell (PEC) Podocyte; Angioblast → Endothelial cell; Mesangial cell. Intraglomerular; Extraglomerular; Juxtaglomerular cell; Macula densa cell; Stromal cell → Interstitial cell → Telocytes; Kidney proximal tubule brush border cell; Kidney distal tubule cell; Connecting tubule cells; α-intercalated cell; β-intercalated ...
The meningeal lymphatic system is composed of a network of vessels along the dural sinus in the dura which express lymphatic endothelial cell marker proteins, including PROX1, LYVE1, and PDPN. The vessels extend along the length of both the superior sagittal and transverse sinuses and directly connects to the deep cervical lymph nodes. [ 1 ]
The cells of the neurovascular unit also make up the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which plays an important role in maintaining the microenvironment of the brain. [11] In addition to regulating the exit and entrance of blood, the blood–brain barrier also filters toxins that may cause inflammation, injury, and disease. [12]