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  2. Reading comprehension - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_comprehension

    Teachers should model these types of questions through "think-alouds" before, during, and after reading a text. When a student can relate a passage to an experience, another book, or other facts about the world, they are "making a connection". Making connections help students understand the author's purpose and fiction or non-fiction story. [33]

  3. Text inferencing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_inferencing

    [5] The type of inference drawn here is also called a "causal inference" because the inference made suggests that events in one sentence cause those in the next. Backward inferences can be either logical, in that the reader assumes one occurrence based on the statement of another, or pragmatic, in that the inference helps the reader comprehend ...

  4. Mathematical statistics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_statistics

    Initial requirements of such a system of procedures for inference and induction are that the system should produce reasonable answers when applied to well-defined situations and that it should be general enough to be applied across a range of situations. Inferential statistics are used to test hypotheses and make estimations using sample data.

  5. Logical reasoning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_reasoning

    A rule of inference is a scheme of drawing conclusions that depends only on the logical form of the premises and the conclusion but not on their specific content. [39] [40] The most-discussed rule of inference is the modus ponens. It has the following form: p; if p then q; therefore q. This scheme is deductively valid no matter what p and q ...

  6. Argument map - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_map

    Toulmin introduced the concept of warrant which "can be considered as representing the reasons behind the inference, the backing that authorizes the link". [ 24 ] Beardsley's approach was refined by Stephen N. Thomas, whose 1973 book Practical Reasoning In Natural Language [ 25 ] introduced the term linked to describe arguments where the ...

  7. Statistical hypothesis test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_test

    Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of both frequentist inference and Bayesian inference, although the two types of inference have notable differences. Statistical hypothesis tests define a procedure that controls (fixes) the probability of incorrectly deciding that a default position ( null hypothesis ) is incorrect.

  8. Inference - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inference

    Additionally, the term 'inference' has also been applied to the process of generating predictions from trained neural networks. In this context, an 'inference engine' refers to the system or hardware performing these operations. This type of inference is widely used in applications ranging from image recognition to natural language processing.

  9. Informal inferential reasoning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal_Inferential_Reasoning

    In statistics education, informal inferential reasoning (also called informal inference) refers to the process of making a generalization based on data (samples) about a wider universe (population/process) while taking into account uncertainty without using the formal statistical procedure or methods (e.g. P-values, t-test, hypothesis testing, significance test).