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A quasi-experiment is an empirical interventional study used to estimate the causal impact of an intervention on target population without random assignment.Quasi-experimental research shares similarities with the traditional experimental design or randomized controlled trial, but it specifically lacks the element of random assignment to treatment or control.
Independent study is a form of education offered by many high schools, colleges, and other educational institutions. [1] It is sometimes referred to as directed study , and is an educational activity undertaken by an individual with little to no supervision. [ 2 ]
Commonly cited examples of multiple independent discovery are the 17th-century independent formulation of calculus by Isaac Newton, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and others, described by A. Rupert Hall; [3] the 18th-century discovery of oxygen by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Joseph Priestley, Antoine Lavoisier and others; and the theory of the evolution ...
Modern-day independent scientists who fund their own research on an independent basis include, for example, Stephen Wolfram who funds his research through the sale of Mathematica software, Julian Barbour, Aubrey de Grey, Barrington Moore, Susan Blackmore, [2] James Lovelock, [2] and John Wilkinson who funds his research on "molecular synergism in nature" by running a regulatory scientific ...
However, certain conditions must be met before the replication of the experiment is commenced: the original research question has been published in a peer-reviewed journal or widely cited, the researcher is independent of the original experiment, the researcher must first try to replicate the original findings using the original data, and the ...
For example, "Organization X said 10,000 people showed up to protest" is OK when using material published by the organization, but "10,000 people showed up to protest" is not. Non-independent sources should never be used to support claims of notability, but can with caution be used to fill in noncontroversial details.
The National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR), established in 1938, [34] is Britain's oldest independent economic research institute. The institute is a London-based [35] [36] independent UK registered charity that carries out academic research of relevance to business and policy makers, [37] both nationally and internationally.
Commonly cited examples of multiple independent discovery are the 17th-century independent formulation of calculus by Isaac Newton, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and others; [7] [page needed] the 18th-century discovery of oxygen by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Joseph Priestley, Antoine Lavoisier and others; [citation needed] and the theory of evolution of ...