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The pharyngeal arches, also known as visceral arches, are transient structures seen in the embryonic development of humans and other vertebrates, that are recognisable precursors for many structures. [1] In fish, the arches support the gills and are known as the branchial arches, or gill arches.
The first and second arches disappear early. A remnant of the 1st arch forms part of the maxillary artery, [3] a branch of the external carotid artery. The ventral end of the second develops into the ascending pharyngeal artery, and its dorsal end gives origin to the stapedial artery, [3] a vessel which typically atrophies in humans [4] [5] but persists in some mammals.
Branchial arches or gill arches are a series of paired bony/cartilaginous "loops" behind the throat (pharyngeal cavity) of fish, which support the fish gills. As chordates , all vertebrate embryos develop pharyngeal arches , though the eventual fate of these arches varies between taxa .
Special visceral efferent fibers (SVE) are the efferent nerve fibers that provide motor innervation to the muscles of the pharyngeal arches in humans, and the branchial arches in fish. [ 1 ] Some sources prefer the term "branchiomotor" [ 2 ] or "branchial efferent".
In the embryonic development of vertebrates, pharyngeal pouches form on the endodermal side between the pharyngeal arches. The pharyngeal grooves (or clefts) form the lateral ectodermal surface of the neck region to separate the arches.
The splanchnocranium (or visceral skeleton) is the portion of the cranium that is derived from pharyngeal arches. Splanchno indicates to the gut because the face forms around the mouth, which is an end of the gut. [1] The splanchnocranium consists of cartilage and endochondral bone.
Visceral and viscus (from Latin viscera 'internal organs'): associated with organs within the body's cavities and pertaining to the innermost layer. [57] For example, the stomach is covered with a lining called the visceral peritoneum, as opposed to the parietal peritoneum.
The hypopharyngeal eminence develops mainly by the growth of endoderm from the third pharyngeal arch. The boundary between the two parts of the tongue, the anterior from the first arch and the posterior from the third arch is marked by the terminal sulcus. [13] The terminal sulcus is shaped like a V with the tip of the V situated posteriorly.