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A study of gender differences in 55 nations using the Big Five Inventory found that women tended to be somewhat higher than men in neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. The difference in neuroticism was the most prominent and consistent, with significant differences found in 49 of the 55 nations surveyed. [157]
The Big Five model of personality (also known as the Five Factor Model or the Big Five Inventory) started in the United States, and through the years has been translated into many languages and has been used in many countries. [1] Some researchers were attempting to determine the differences in how other cultures perceive this model. [1]
The site is hosted by John A. Johnson, the author of the shorter equivalent inventory. [11] The longer equivalent from 1999 was created by Lewis Goldberg who also created IPIP. [12] Open Source Psychometrics Project hosts Goldberg's 50-question version [13] of the Big Five traits and an IPIP emulation of the 16PF questionnaire. [14]
Through an exploratory analysis of the Big Five literature, John Digman came up with two superordinate factors on a higher level than the Big Five. He referred to these factors as "alpha" and "beta". Alpha refers to a combination of agreeableness , conscientiousness and emotional stability (the inverse of neuroticism ).
Daily Assessment of Symptoms – Anxiety; Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7) [4] [5] Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) [6] [7] Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; Panic and Agoraphobia Scale (PAS) Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS) PTSD Symptom Scale – Self-Report Version; Screen for child anxiety related disorders
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a standardized psychometric test of adult personality and psychopathology. [1] A version for adolescents also exists, the MMPI-A , and was first published in 1992. [ 2 ]
The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) is a formative assessment and rating scale of anxiety. This self-report inventory , or 21-item questionnaire uses a scale (social sciences) ; the BAI is an ordinal scale ; more specifically, a Likert scale that measures the scale quality of magnitude of anxiety.
To ensure that the PAI maximized discriminant validity, each of the scales should be relatively distinct from one another. For example, if the depression and anxiety scales had many of the same items on them, it would be difficult to tell if elevations on these scales meant that the person was experiencing symptoms of depression, anxiety, or both.