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The Hindu community in Bengal was divided into only two varnas: Brahmins and Shudras.Hence, although the Bengali Kayasthas and Baidyas had a high social status along with Brahmins, their ritual status was low, according to Edmund Leach, S. N. Mukherjee, [20] though it seems their ritual status is a subject of dispute as per other historians.
The Bengali Hindus constitute of numerous endogamous castes, which are sometimes further subdivided into endogamous subgroups. The caste system evolved over centuries and became more and more complex with time. In the medieval period, several castes were boycotted by the ruling classes from time to time and this isolation continued till the ...
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NN Bhattacharyya, Bharatiya Jati Varna Pratha (Bengali), Calcutta, 1987; RC Majumdar, Vangiya Kulashastra (Bengali), 2nd ed, Calcutta, 1989. Bhattacharya, Jogendra Nath (1896). Hindu Castes and Sects: An Exposition of the Origin of the Hindu Caste System and the Bearing of the Sects toward Each Other and toward Other Religious Systems.
In eastern India, Bengali Kayasthas are believed to have evolved from a class of officials into a caste between the 5th-6th centuries and 11th-12th centuries, its component elements being putative Kshatriyas and mostly Brahmins. They most likely gained the characteristics of a caste under the Sena dynasty. [58]
Kulin Kayastha (Bengali: কুলীন কায়স্থ) is a sub-caste of the Bengali Kayastha caste in Bengal region of Indian subcontinent. They are also known as the Kulina Kayasthas. The Kayasthas are regarded in Bengal, along with the Brahmins and Baidyas, as being the "highest Hindu castes".
Mahishya (IAST: Māhiṣya) is a Bengali Hindu traditionally agrarian caste, [1] [2] and formed the largest caste in undivided Bengal. [3] Mahisyas were, and still are, extremely diverse caste consisting of all possible classes in terms of material conditions and ranks. [4] [5]
The Bengali Renaissance refers to a socio-religious reform movement during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, centered around the city of Calcutta and predominantly led by upper-caste Bengali Hindus under the patronage of the British Raj who had created a reformed religion known as the Brahmo Samaj.