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Papilledema that is not yet chronic will not have as dramatic an effect on vision. Because increased intracranial pressure can cause both papilledema and a sixth nerve palsy, papilledema can be differentiated from papillitis if esotropia and loss of abduction are also present. However, esotropia may also develop secondarily in an eye that has ...
Thus, if there is a question of papilledema on fundoscopic examination or if the optic disc cannot be adequately visualized, ultrasound can be used to rapidly assess for increased intracranial pressure and help direct further evaluation and intervention. Unilateral papilledema can suggest a disease in the eye itself, such as an optic nerve glioma.
The mean disc diameter (DD) is (Vertical diameter of Disc+Horizontal diameter of Disc) divided by 2. The distance between the center of the disc and the macula is DM. Interpretation: When the ratio of DM to DD is greater than 3, ONH is suspected, and when it is greater than 4, Optic Nerve Hypoplasia is definite. [11]
Major symptoms are sudden loss of vision (partial or complete), sudden blurred or "foggy" vision, and; pain on movement of the affected eye. [4] [5] [2]Many patients with optic neuritis may lose some of their color vision in the affected eye (especially red), with colors appearing subtly washed out compared to the other eye.
In a pregnant woman, scotomata can present as a symptom of severe pre-eclampsia, a form of pregnancy-induced hypertension. Similarly, scotomata may develop as a result of the increased intracranial pressure that occurs in malignant hypertension. The scotoma is also caused by the aminoglycoside antibiotics mainly by streptomycin.
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Most of the literature does not distinguish between PLBP and PGP as since their precise definitions often overlap, however it is possible to differentiate them through history taking, clinical examination, provocative test maneuvers, and imaging. [12] Pregnancy-related low back pain and pelvic girdle pain can occur together or separately.
A recent study conducted by The Washington Post reveals that while earlier Disney films divvied up dialogue between princesses and princes equally, the speaking parts in the movies became notably less equal in the 1980s and '90s. The worst offender of this Silent Princess Syndrome is "Aladdin," in which Jasmine speaks only 10 percent of the ...