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Gravitational redshift can be interpreted as a consequence of the equivalence principle (that gravity and acceleration are equivalent and the redshift is caused by the Doppler effect) [5] or as a consequence of the mass–energy equivalence and conservation of energy ('falling' photons gain energy), [6] [7] though there are numerous subtleties ...
Gravitational blueshift contributes to cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy via the Sachs–Wolfe effect: when a gravitational well evolves while a photon is passing, the amount of blueshift on approach will differ from the amount of gravitational redshift as it leaves the region. [95]
Due to gravitational redshift, its image reddens over time as the object moves closer to the horizon. [6] In an expanding universe, the speed of expansion reaches — and even exceeds — the speed of light, preventing signals from traveling to some regions.
Gravitational redshift has been measured in the laboratory [65] and using astronomical observations. [66] Gravitational time dilation in the Earth's gravitational field has been measured numerous times using atomic clocks, [67] while ongoing validation is provided as a side effect of the operation of the Global Positioning System (GPS). [68]
Gravitational redshift measurements provide a direct measure of LPI. Of the three hypotheses underlying the equivalence principle, LPI has been by far the least accurately determined. There has been considerable incentive, therefore, to improve on gravitational redshift measurements both in the laboratory and using astronomical observations. [11]
[9] [10] If a binary pair of stellar-mass black holes merge while closely orbiting a supermassive black hole (an extreme mass ratio inspiral), the observed gravitational wave would experience significant gravitational and doppler redshift, leading to a falsely low redshift estimate, and therefore a falsely high mass.
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The redshift z is often described as a redshift velocity, which is the recessional velocity that would produce the same redshift if it were caused by a linear Doppler effect (which, however, is not the case, as the velocities involved are too large to use a non-relativistic formula for Doppler shift).