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Motivational interviewing (MI) is a counseling approach developed in part by clinical psychologists William R. Miller and Stephen Rollnick.It is a directive, client-centered counseling style for eliciting behavior change by helping clients to explore and resolve ambivalence.
Motivational Interviewing, Third Edition: Helping People Change, ISBN 978-1-60918-227-4. Motivational Interviewing in Health Care: Helping Patients Change Behavior, ISBN 978-1-59385-612-0. Motivational Interviewing in the Treatment of Psychological Problems, ISBN 978-1-59385-585-7.
His meta-analysis of the research on treatments of alcohol problems shows a rank ordering of those treatments with the most effective being active and empathic (brief interventions and motivational enhancement), while the least effective are passive (films, lectures) or confrontational. [4]
SMART Recovery is based on scientific knowledge and is intended to evolve as scientific knowledge evolves. [4] The program uses principles of motivational interviewing, found in motivational enhancement therapy (MET), [5] and techniques taken from rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), as well as scientifically validated research on treatment. [6]
Reflective listening is one of the skills of motivational interviewing, a style of communication that works collaboratively to encourage change. [3] Failure to understand the needs of the person speaking can result in errors in work, such as problems being unresolved, or decisions not being quickly made.
It is often used in working with ambivalence in people who are engaged in behaviours that are harmful to their health (for example, problematic substance use or excessive eating), [1] as part of psychological approaches such as those based on the transtheoretical model of change, [2] and in certain circumstances in motivational interviewing. [3]
Motivational interviewing is a process used in psychotherapy, social work, medicine, addiction and other fields. It aims to raise clients' awareness of problems and possibilities while reducing their ambivalence about change. [9] [10] Motivational interviewing is also characterized by a focus on the present rather than the past.
Similar to MET, motivational interviewing finds 'change talk' very important and the clinician interacts with the patient through open-ended questions, affirmations, reflections, and summaries. There are three key elements that build the foundation of motivational interviewing; collaboration, evocation and autonomy.