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In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is fluid motion characterized by chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity. It is in contrast to laminar flow , which occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers with no disruption between those layers.
In meteorology, clear-air turbulence (CAT) is the turbulent movement of air masses in the absence of any visual clues such as clouds, and is caused when bodies of air moving at widely different speeds meet.
The model attempts to predict turbulence by two partial differential equations for two variables, k and ω, with the first variable being the turbulence kinetic energy (k) while the second (ω) is the specific rate of dissipation (of the turbulence kinetic energy k into internal thermal energy). SST (Menter’s Shear Stress Transport)
Pages in category "Turbulence" The following 55 pages are in this category, out of 55 total. This list may not reflect recent changes. ...
Schematic illustration of production, energy cascade and dissipation in the energy spectrum of turbulence. The largest motions, or eddies, of turbulence contain most of the kinetic energy, whereas the smallest eddies are responsible for the viscous dissipation of turbulence kinetic energy. Kolmogorov hypothesized that when these scales are well ...
Reynolds’ 1883 experiment on fluid dynamics in pipes Reynolds’ 1883 observations of the nature of the flow in his experiments. In 1883 Osborne Reynolds demonstrated the transition to turbulent flow in a classic experiment in which he examined the behaviour of water flow under different flow rates using a small jet of dyed water introduced into the centre of flow in a larger pipe.
1921 – Theodore von Kármán introduces the turbulence model of Von Kármán swirling flow, and phenomena like Kármán vortex street. [53] 1921 – Alan Arnold Griffith develops his theory of fracture mechanics. [54] 1922 – Supersonic wind tunnel is invented in National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom).
In continuum mechanics, wave turbulence is a set of nonlinear waves deviated far from thermal equilibrium. Such a state is usually accompanied by dissipation . It is either decaying turbulence or requires an external source of energy to sustain it.