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The Van 't Hoff equation relates the change in the equilibrium constant, K eq, of a chemical reaction to the change in temperature, T, given the standard enthalpy change, Δ r H ⊖, for the process. The subscript r {\displaystyle r} means "reaction" and the superscript ⊖ {\displaystyle \ominus } means "standard".
The concentration of the species LH is equal to the sum of the concentrations of the two micro-species with the same chemical formula, labelled L 1 H and L 2 H. The constant K 2 is for a reaction with these two micro-species as products, so that [LH] = [L 1 H] + [L 2 H] appears in the numerator, and it follows that this macro-constant is equal ...
The limitations arise because the Nernst equation breaks down at very low or very high pH. When a glass electrode is used to obtain the measurements on which the calculated equilibrium constants depend, the precision of the calculated parameters is limited by secondary effects such as variation of liquid junction potentials in the electrode. In ...
This is one form of the Gibbs fundamental equation. [10] In the infinitesimal expression, the term involving the chemical potential accounts for changes in Gibbs free energy resulting from an influx or outflux of particles. In other words, it holds for an open system or for a closed, chemically reacting system where the N i are changing. For a ...
The binding constant, or affinity constant/association constant, is a special case of the equilibrium constant K, [1] and is the inverse of the dissociation constant. [2] It is associated with the binding and unbinding reaction of receptor (R) and ligand (L) molecules, which is formalized as:
Pauling's second rule is that the value of the first pK a for acids of the formula XO m (OH) n depends primarily on the number of oxo groups m, and is approximately independent of the number of hydroxy groups n, and also of the central atom X. Approximate values of pK a are 8 for m = 0, 2 for m = 1, −3 for m = 2 and < −10 for m = 3. [28]
In electrochemistry, the Nernst equation is a chemical thermodynamical relationship that permits the calculation of the reduction potential of a reaction (half-cell or full cell reaction) from the standard electrode potential, absolute temperature, the number of electrons involved in the redox reaction, and activities (often approximated by concentrations) of the chemical species undergoing ...
The use of k atomic element conservation equations for the mass constraint is straightforward, and replaces the use of the stoichiometric coefficient equations. [19] The results are consistent with those specified by chemical equations. For example, if equilibrium is specified by a single chemical equation:, [24]