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The classic example of a dehydration reaction is the Fischer esterification, which involves treating a carboxylic acid with an alcohol to give an ester RCO 2 H + R′OH ⇌ RCO 2 R′ + H 2 O Often such reactions require the presence of a dehydrating agent, i.e. a substance that reacts with water.
The addition of the two molecules typically proceeds in a step-wise fashion to the addition product, usually in equilibrium, and with loss of a water molecule (hence the name condensation). [3] The reaction may otherwise involve the functional groups of the molecule, and is a versatile class of reactions that can occur in acidic or basic ...
Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (H +, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as a hydroxide ion (OH −) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a pH (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7 in an ideal state.
The expansion of the mixture is the result of vaporization of water and CO 2 inside the container. The gases inflate the mixture to form a snake-like shape, and give off a burned sugar smell. [ 1 ] The granularity of the sugar can greatly affect the reaction: powdered sugar reacts very quickly but sugar cubes take longer to react.
In chemistry, a hydration reaction is a chemical reaction in which a substance combines with water. In organic chemistry, water is added to an unsaturated substrate, which is usually an alkene or an alkyne. This type of reaction is employed industrially to produce ethanol, isopropanol, and butan-2-ol. [1]
Hydrolysis (/ h aɪ ˈ d r ɒ l ɪ s ɪ s /; from Ancient Greek hydro- ' water ' and lysis ' to unbind ') is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution, elimination, and solvation reactions in which water is the nucleophile. [1]
Anabolism has two classes of reactions. The first are dehydration synthesis reactions; these involve the joining of smaller molecules together to form larger, more complex molecules. These include the formation of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.
Blum–Ittah aziridine synthesis; Bodroux reaction; Bodroux–Chichibabin aldehyde synthesis; Bogert–Cook synthesis; Bohlmann-Rahtz pyridine synthesis; Bohn–Schmidt reaction; Boord olefin synthesis; Borodin reaction; Borsche–Drechsel cyclization; Bosch–Meiser urea process; Bosch reaction; Bouveault aldehyde synthesis; Bouveault–Blanc ...