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In the PHP programming language, all types except references are implemented as copy-on-write. For example, strings and arrays are passed by reference, but when modified, they are duplicated if they have non-zero reference counts. This allows them to act as value types without the performance problems of copying on assignment or making them ...
Parameters are passed by value, however, it is the value of the reference that is passed. [11] The Java Virtual Machine manages garbage collection so that objects are cleaned up after they are no longer reachable. The language provides no automatic way to copy an object. Copying is usually performed by a clone() method. This method usually ...
Factory method pattern. In object-oriented programming, the factory method pattern is a design pattern that uses factory methods to deal with the problem of creating objects without having to specify their exact classes. Rather than by calling a constructor, this is accomplished by invoking a factory method to create an object.
The "generic programming" paradigm is an approach to software decomposition whereby fundamental requirements on types are abstracted from across concrete examples of algorithms and data structures and formalized as concepts, analogously to the abstraction of algebraic theories in abstract algebra. [ 6 ] Early examples of this programming ...
In computer science, string interning is a method of storing only one copy of each distinct string value, which must be immutable. [1] Interning strings makes some string processing tasks more time-efficient or space-efficient at the cost of requiring more time when the string is created or interned. The distinct values are stored in a string ...
Boxing is the operation of converting a value-type object into a value of a corresponding reference type. [104] Boxing in C# is implicit. Unboxing is the operation of converting a value of a reference type (previously boxed) into a value of a value type. [104] Unboxing in C# requires an explicit type cast. A boxed object of type T can only be ...
Also available are the types usize and isize which are unsigned and signed integers that are the same bit width as a reference with the usize type being used for indices into arrays and indexable collection types. [22] Rust also has: bool for the Boolean type. [22] f32 and f64 for 32 and 64-bit floating point numbers. [22] char for a unicode ...
Reference counting. Appearance. In computer science, reference counting is a programming technique of storing the number of references, pointers, or handles to a resource, such as an object, a block of memory, disk space, and others. In garbage collection algorithms, reference counts may be used to deallocate objects that are no longer needed.