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Zorn's lemma says that a maximal tree must exist, which is a spanning tree since the graph is connected. [1] Zorn's lemma is not needed for finite graphs, such as the one pictured here. Zorn's lemma, also known as the Kuratowski–Zorn lemma, is a proposition of set theory.
Hadamard's maximal determinant problem, named after Jacques Hadamard, asks for the largest determinant of a matrix with elements equal to 1 or −1. The analogous question for matrices with elements equal to 0 or 1 is equivalent since, as will be shown below, the maximal determinant of a {1,−1} matrix of size n is 2 n−1 times the maximal determinant of a {0,1} matrix of size n−1.
The notions of maximal and minimal elements are weaker than those of greatest element and least element which are also known, respectively, as maximum and minimum. The maximum of a subset of a preordered set is an element of which is greater than or equal to any other element of and the minimum of is again defined dually.
The graph of the cube has six different independent sets (two of them are maximum), shown as the red vertices. In graph theory, a maximal independent set (MIS) or maximal stable set is an independent set that is not a subset of any other independent set. In other words, there is no vertex outside the independent set that may join it because it ...
Maximum principle. In the mathematical fields of differential equations and geometric analysis, the maximum principle is one of the most useful and best known tools of study. Solutions of a differential inequality in a domain D satisfy the maximum principle if they achieve their maxima at the boundary of D. The maximum principle enables one to ...
Maximum modulus principle. A plot of the modulus of (in red) for in the unit disk centered at the origin (shown in blue). As predicted by the theorem, the maximum of the modulus cannot be inside of the disk (so the highest value on the red surface is somewhere along its edge). In mathematics, the maximum modulus principle in complex analysis ...
A new study in mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) suggests that common antibiotics may increase the risk of developing a form of IBD by damaging the protective mucus layer of the gut.
Gauge fixing. In the physics of gauge theories, gauge fixing (also called choosing a gauge) denotes a mathematical procedure for coping with redundant degrees of freedom in field variables. By definition, a gauge theory represents each physically distinct configuration of the system as an equivalence class of detailed local field configurations.