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  2. Biological rules - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_rules

    The pygmy mammoth is an example of insular dwarfism, a case of Foster's rule, its unusually small body size an adaptation to the limited resources of its island home.. A biological rule or biological law is a generalized law, principle, or rule of thumb formulated to describe patterns observed in living organisms.

  3. Cardiac output - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_output

    Major factors influencing cardiac output – heart rate and stroke volume, both of which are variable. [1]In cardiac physiology, cardiac output (CO), also known as heart output and often denoted by the symbols , ˙, or ˙, [2] is the volumetric flow rate of the heart's pumping output: that is, the volume of blood being pumped by a single ventricle of the heart, per unit time (usually measured ...

  4. Circulatory system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system

    [1] [2] It includes the cardiovascular system, or vascular system, that consists of the heart and blood vessels (from Greek kardia meaning heart, and from Latin vascula meaning vessels). The circulatory system has two divisions, a systemic circulation or circuit, and a pulmonary circulation or circuit. [3]

  5. Rule of seven - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_seven

    Rule of seven may refer to "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two", a highly cited paper in psychology; The "half-your-age-plus-seven" rule; Rule of sevens, establishing age brackets for determining capacity to give informed assent or to commit crimes or torts

  6. Frank–Starling law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank–Starling_law

    [11] [7] [6] Due to the intrinsic property of myocardium that is responsible for the Frank-Starling mechanism, the heart can automatically accommodate an increase in venous return, at any heart rate. [1] [10] The mechanism is of functional importance because it serves to adapt left ventricular output to right ventricular output. [3]

  7. Biology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology

    Biology is the scientific study of life. [1] [2] [3] It is a natural science with a broad scope but has several unifying themes that tie it together as a single, coherent field. [1] [2] [3] For instance, all organisms are made up of at least one cell that processes hereditary information encoded in genes, which

  8. Systole - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systole

    Electrical waves track a systole (a contraction) of the heart. The end-point of the P wave depolarization is the start-point of the atrial stage of systole. The ventricular stage of systole begins at the R peak of the QRS wave complex; the T wave indicates the end of ventricular contraction, after which ventricular relaxation (ventricular diastole) begins.

  9. Kleiber's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleiber's_law

    Kleiber's plot comparing body size to metabolic rate for a variety of species. [1]Kleiber's law, named after Max Kleiber for his biology work in the early 1930s, states, after many observation that, for a vast number of animals, an animal's Basal Metabolic Rate scales to the 3 ⁄ 4 power of the animal's mass.