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Founded in 1981 by historians Herbert Gutman and Stephen Brier as the American-Working Class History Project, [1] the project grew out of a 1977–80 series of National Endowment for the Humanities summer seminars that introduced new social history scholarship to trade union members from diverse occupations and backgrounds, most of whom had no college experience. [2]
The economic history of the United States spans the colonial era through the 21st century. The initial settlements depended on agriculture and hunting/trapping, later adding international trade, manufacturing, and finally, services, to the point where agriculture represented less than 2% of GDP .
Social class is an important theme for historians of the United States for decades. The subject touches on many other elements of American history such as that of changing U.S. education, with greater education attainment leading to expanding household incomes for many social groups.
Illustration from a 1916 advertisement for a vocational school in the back of a US magazine. Education has been seen as a key to socioeconomic mobility, and the advertisement appealed to Americans' belief in the possibility of self-betterment as well as threatening the consequences of downward mobility in the great income inequality existing during the Industrial Revolution.
Joshua Brown is an American social historian, and former Executive Director, of the American Social History Project / Center for Media and Learning, at Graduate Center of the City University of New York.
Unequal access to education in the United States results in unequal outcomes for students. Disparities in academic access among students in the United States are the result of multiple factors including government policies, school choice, family wealth, parenting style, implicit bias towards students' race or ethnicity, and the resources available to students and their schools.
The United States has a highly developed mixed economy. [44] [45] [46] It is the world's largest economy by nominal GDP and second largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). [47]As of 2024, it has the world's sixth highest nominal GDP per capita and eighth highest GDP per capita by PPP). [10]
Sperry, Sperry, and Miller (2018) replicated Hart and Risley's study and found that the number of word gaps varied within the same backgrounds of socioeconomic status. [5] A longitudinal study observed families with their children in their homes and the researchers spoke to the participants as if they were a family friend.