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Cross subsidization is the practice of charging higher prices to one type of consumers to artificially lower prices for another group.State trading enterprises with monopoly control over marketing agricultural exports are sometimes alleged to cross subsidize, but lack of transparency in their operations makes it difficult, if not impossible, to determine if that is the case.
The concept of cross-boundary subsidies developed out of a merging of ideas from the studies of landscape ecology and food web ecology. The ideas from landscape ecology allow the study of population, community, and food web dynamics to incorporate spatial relationships between landscape elements into an understanding of such dynamics (Polis et al. 1997).
This also relates to the handedness of the cross product; the cross product transforms as a pseudovector under parity transformations and so is properly described as a pseudovector. The dot product of two vectors is a scalar but the dot product of a pseudovector and a vector is a pseudoscalar, so the scalar triple product (of vectors) must be ...
For example, multiplication is granted a higher precedence than addition, and it has been this way since the introduction of modern algebraic notation. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Thus, in the expression 1 + 2 × 3 , the multiplication is performed before addition, and the expression has the value 1 + (2 × 3) = 7 , and not (1 + 2) × 3 = 9 .
An example of potential environmental or sustainability issues arising from the current subsidy structure can be seen interrelated problems of water and energy consumption in the agricultural sector. During the Green Revolution in the 1960s and 70s, India's agricultural productivity grew greatly, in part due to a dramatic increase in ...
4 1 knot/Figure-eight knot (mathematics) - a prime knot with a crossing number four; 5 1 knot/Cinquefoil knot, (5,2)-torus knot, Solomon's seal knot, pentafoil knot - a prime knot with crossing number five which can be arranged as a {5/2} star polygon ; 5 2 knot/Three-twist knot - the twist knot with three-half twists
The map from the sum to the homology group of the product is called the cross product. More precisely, there is a cross product operation by which an i -cycle on X and a j -cycle on Y can be combined to create an ( i + j ) {\displaystyle (i+j)} -cycle on X × Y {\displaystyle X\times Y} ; so that there is an explicit linear mapping defined from ...
Associative operations are abundant in mathematics; in fact, many algebraic structures (such as semigroups and categories) explicitly require their binary operations to be associative. However, many important and interesting operations are non-associative; some examples include subtraction, exponentiation, and the vector cross product.