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Numerous conditions can cause a convulsion. [6] Convulsions can be caused by specific chemicals in the blood, as well as infections like meningitis or encephalitis. Other possibilities include celiac disease, [7] head trauma, stroke, or lack of oxygen to the brain. Sometimes the convulsion can be caused by genetic defects or brain tumors. [1]
Systemic infection with high fever is a common cause of seizures, especially in children. [3] [25] These are called febrile seizures and occur in 2–5% of children between the ages of six months and five years. [26] [25] Acute infection of the brain, such as encephalitis or meningitis are also causes of seizures. [3]
Epilepsy is a group of non-communicable neurological disorders characterized by recurrent epileptic seizures. [10] An epileptic seizure is the clinical manifestation of an abnormal, excessive, and synchronized electrical discharge in the neurons. [1]
Causes of seizures include an imbalance of neurotransmitters (nerve-signaling brain chemicals), brain tumors, stroke, and brain damage from illness or injury, or even a combination of several causes. However, for the majority of seizures, the cause is unable to be determined. [ 1 ]
Simple febrile seizures involve an otherwise healthy child who has at most one tonic-clonic seizure lasting less than 15 minutes in a 24-hour period. [1] Complex febrile seizures have focal symptoms, last longer than 15 minutes, or occur more than once within 24 hours. [5] About 80% are classified as simple febrile seizures. [6]
The postictal phase causes are multifactorial to include alteration of cerebral blood flow and effects on multiple neurotransmitters. [10] These changes after a generalized tonic–clonic seizure cause a period of postictal sleep with stertorous breathing. Confusion and total amnesia upon regaining consciousness are also usually experienced and ...
Vormatrigine (PRAX-628) for Common Epilepsies (Focal Onset Seizures and Generalized Epilepsy) An estimated 3.5 million people in the U.S. suffer from common epilepsies. Sodium channel therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for patients with epilepsy yet currently approved drugs have significant safety and efficacy limitations.
Reflex seizures are epileptic seizures that are consistently induced by a specific stimulus or trigger, making them distinct from other epileptic seizures, which are usually unprovoked. [ 4 ] [ 3 ] Reflex seizures are otherwise similar to unprovoked seizures and may be focal (simple or complex), generalized , myoclonic , or absence seizures. [ 1 ]
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