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A Guide to Conclusive Proofs for the Principles of Belief (Arabic: الإرشاد إلى قواطع الأدلة في أصول الاعتقاد, romanized: Al-Irshad ila Qawati' al-Adilla fi Usul al-I'tiqad), commonly known simply as Al-Irshad ("The Guide"), is a major classic of Islamic theology.
Schools of Islamic theology are various Islamic schools and branches in different schools of thought regarding creed. The main schools of Islamic theology include the extant Mu'tazili , Ash'ari , Maturidi , and Athari schools; the extinct ones include the Qadari , Jahmi , Murji' , and Batini schools.
Māturīdī theology is considered one of the orthodox creeds of Sunni Islam alongside the Ashʿarī theology, [54] and prevails in the Ḥanafī school of Islamic jurisprudence. [54] Points which differ are the nature of belief and the place of human reason.
Ilm al-kalam [a] or ilm al-lahut, [b] often shortened to kalam, is the scholastic, speculative, or rational study of Islamic theology (). [2] It can also be defined as the science that studies the fundamental doctrines of Islamic faith (usul al-din), proving their validity, or refuting doubts regarding them. [3]
Kitab al-Tawhid (Arabic: كتاب التوحيد, lit. 'The Book of Monotheism') is a Sunni theological book, and the primary source of the Maturidi school of thought; written by the Hanafi scholar Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (d. 333 AH/944 CE).
Aqidah comes from the Semitic root ʿ-q-d, which means "to tie; knot". [6] (" Aqidah" used not only as an expression of a school of Islamic theology or belief system, but as another word for "theology" in Islam, as in: "Theology (Aqidah) covers all beliefs and belief systems of Muslims, including sectarian differences and points of contention".) [7]
Specialists in Islamic studies concentrate on the detailed, academic study of texts written in Arabic within the fields of Islamic theology, Islamic law, and the Qur'an and Hadith along with ancillary disciplines such as Tafsir or Qur'an Exegesis.
The Essentials of the Islamic Faith is a theological book written by M. Fethullah Gülen, [1] in which he explains the basic foundations of Islamic belief that are obligatory for Muslims to know. [ 2 ]