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An estimated 15% of preterm infants who survive develop cerebral palsy and 27% of the infants who survive experience moderate to severe neurosensory deficits by the time they reach 18–24 months old. [7] Prognosis is very poor when IVH results from intracerebral hemorrhage related to high blood pressure and is even worse when hydrocephalus ...
Pediatric stroke is a stroke that occurs in children or adolescents. Stroke affects an estimated 2.5 to 13 per 100,000 children annually. [1] The signs and symptoms of stroke in children, infants, and newborns are different from those in adults. The causes and risk factors of stroke in children are also different from those in adults. [2]
The incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage is estimated at 24.6 cases per 100,000 person years with the incidence rate being similar in men and women. [7] [8] The incidence is much higher in the elderly, especially those who are 85 or older, who are 9.6 times more likely to have an intracerebral hemorrhage as compared to those of middle age. [8]
Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), also known as intracranial bleed, is bleeding within the skull. [1] Subtypes are intracerebral bleeds (intraventricular bleeds and intraparenchymal bleeds), subarachnoid bleeds, epidural bleeds, and subdural bleeds. [2] Intracerebral bleeding affects 2.5 per 10,000 people each year. [1]
Instead, it is most commonly associated with hemorrhage of small vessels in the cerebral cortex. [2] The strongest risk factor for intraparenchymal hemorrhage associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy is old age, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy is most frequently seen in patients who already have, or will soon be diagnosed with, dementia. [3]
Infants are at most risk to germinal matrix hemorrhages when they are born prematurely, before 32 weeks. [18] The stresses exposed after birth, along with the fragile blood vessels, increase risk of hemorrhage. Signs and symptoms include flaccid weakness, seizures, abnormal posturing, or irregular respiration. [18]
The timing that a stroke occurs varies between the 140th day of the pregnancy period and the 28th postpartum day among those infants suffering from presumed perinatal stroke. [1] These infants normally suffer from arterial strokes or white matter venous infarctions that may have variability in underlying mechanisms, risk factors, and outcomes ...
The most serious complication is intracranial hemorrhage, leading to death in approximately 10% of symptomatic babies [6] or neurologic sequelae in 20% of cases. 80% of intracranial hemorrhages occur before birth. [6] After birth the greatest risk of bleeding is in the first four days of life. [6]