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Epiretinal membrane or macular pucker is a disease of the eye in response to changes in the vitreous humor or more rarely, diabetes.Sometimes, as a result of immune system response to protect the retina, cells converge in the macular area as the vitreous ages and pulls away in posterior vitreous detachment (PVD).
The RNFL formed by the expansion of the fibers of the optic nerve; it is thickest near the optic disc, gradually diminishing toward the ora serrata.. As the nerve fibers pass through the lamina cribrosa sclerae they lose their medullary sheaths and are continued onward through the choroid and retina as simple axis-cylinders.
Diagram of the human eye showing macula and fovea. Although J. D. Gass originally identified four types of idiopathic juxtafoveolar retinal telangiectasis in 1982, contemporary researchers describe three types collectively known as idiopathic juxtafoveal telangiectasia: macular telangiectasia type 1, macular telangiectasia type 2, and macular telangiectasia type 3.
Macular edema occurs when fluid and protein deposits collect on or under the macula of the eye (a yellow central area of the retina) and causes it to thicken and swell . The swelling may distort a person's central vision , because the macula holds tightly packed cones that provide sharp, clear, central vision to enable a person to see detail ...
Central retinal artery occlusion; Cardiac myxoma; Cranial arteritis; Sickle cell attack; Occlusive vascular disease (slow, progressive) Carotid artery disease; Arterial spasm (TIA) Diabetes mellitus; Collagen diseases; Venous occlusive disease; Thrombosis; Use of hormonal contraception; Endocarditis; Myxoma; Aortic arch syndrome (takayasu) Pre ...
The risk of retinal detachment is the greatest in the first 6 weeks following a vitreous detachment, but can occur over 3 months after the event.. The risk of retinal tears and detachment associated with vitreous detachment is higher in patients with myopic retinal degeneration, lattice degeneration, and a familial or personal history of previous retinal tears/detachment.
Diabetic retinopathy (also known as diabetic eye disease) is a medical condition in which damage occurs to the retina due to diabetes.It is a leading cause of blindness in developed countries and one of the lead causes of sight loss in the world, even though there are many new therapies and improved treatments for helping people live with diabetes.
The retina can be reattached even with the membrane in place. The other type forms as very thick contractile membranes which pull at the retina. These are opaque and block the light falling on the retina so the retinal reattachment surgery needs to be performed after manually peeling the membrane off. [11] [12]