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μ = Gm 1 + Gm 2 = μ 1 + μ 2, where m 1 and m 2 are the masses of the two bodies. Then: for circular orbits, rv 2 = r 3 ω 2 = 4π 2 r 3 /T 2 = μ; for elliptic orbits, 4π 2 a 3 /T 2 = μ (with a expressed in AU; T in years and M the total mass relative to that of the Sun, we get a 3 /T 2 = M) for parabolic trajectories, rv 2 is constant and ...
where G is the universal constant of gravitation (commonly taken as G = 6.674 × 10 −11 m 3 kg −1 s −2), [10] M is the mass of Mars (most updated value: 6.41693 × 10 23 kg), [11] m is the mass of the satellite, r is the distance between Mars and the satellite, and is the angular velocity of the satellite, which is also equivalent to (T ...
Estimates from an IAU question-and-answer press release from 2006, giving 800 km radius and 0.5 × 10 21 kg mass as cut-offs that normally would be enough for hydrostatic equilibrium, while stating that observation would be needed to determine the status of borderline cases. [50]
152 km/h (94 mph) Earth: 1 9.8067 32.174 [a] 4.5 s: 159 km/h (99 mph) Moon: 0.1655 1.625 5.33 11.1 s: 65 km/h (40 mph) Mars: 0.3895 3.728 12.23 7.3 s: 98 km/h (61 mph) Ceres: 0.029 0.28 0.92 26.7 s: 27 km/h (17 mph) Jupiter: 2.640 25.93 85.1 2.8 s: 259 km/h (161 mph) Io: 0.182 1.789 5.87 10.6 s: 68 km/h (42 mph) Europa: 0.134 1.314 4.31 12.3 s ...
For example, if a TNO is incorrectly assumed to have a mass of 3.59 × 10 20 kg based on a radius of 350 km with a density of 2 g/cm 3 but is later discovered to have a radius of only 175 km with a density of 0.5 g/cm 3, its true mass would be only 1.12 × 10 19 kg.
G is the universal gravitational constant (G ≈ 6.67 × 10 −11 m 3 ⋅kg −1 ⋅s −2 [4]) g = GM / d 2 is the local gravitational acceleration (or the surface gravity , when d = r ). The value GM is called the standard gravitational parameter , or μ , and is often known more accurately than either G or M separately.
With an altitude of 5,989 km (3,721 mi), Phobos orbits Mars below the synchronous orbit radius, meaning that it moves around Mars faster than Mars itself rotates. [23] Therefore, from the point of view of an observer on the surface of Mars, it rises in the west, moves comparatively rapidly across the sky (in 4 h 15 min or less) and sets in the ...
A 2023 study shows evidence, based on the orbital inclination of Deimos (a small moon of Mars), that Mars may once have had a ring system 3.5 billion years to 4 billion years ago. [32] This ring system may have been formed from a moon, 20 times more massive than Phobos , orbiting Mars billions of years ago; and Phobos would be a remnant of that ...