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Developing queen larvae surrounded by royal jelly. Royal jelly is a honey bee secretion that is used in the nutrition of larvae and adult queens. [1] It is secreted from the glands in the hypopharynx of nurse bees, and fed to all larvae in the colony, regardless of sex or caste. [2] Queen larva in a cell on a frame with bees
Queen bee acid (10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid or 10-HDA) is a fatty acid found in royal jelly. [1] [2] [3] Queen bee acid is being investigated for its potential pharmacological activities. It promotes neurogenesis of neural stem/progenitor cells (cells capable of differentiating into neurons, astrocytes, or oligodendrocytes) in vitro. [4]
Desiccated thyroid extract (DTE), is thyroid gland that has been dried and powdered for medical use. [1] It is used to treat hypothyroidism, [1] but less preferred than levothyroxine. [1] It is taken by mouth. [1] Maximal effects may take up to three weeks to occur. [1] Side effects may occur from excessive doses. [1]
Certain medications can have the unintended side effect of affecting thyroid function. While some medications can lead to significant hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism and those at risk will need to be carefully monitored, some medications may affect thyroid hormone lab tests without causing any symptoms or clinical changes, and may not require treatment.
Hypothyroidism (also called underactive thyroid, low thyroid or hypothyreosis) is a disorder of the endocrine system in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones. [3] It can cause a number of symptoms, such as poor ability to tolerate cold , extreme fatigue, muscle aches , constipation , slow heart rate , depression , and ...
Furthermore, reviewing their medications and dietary supplements is important, as several medications can affect thyroid hormone levels. [14] Levothyroxine is also used to treat subclinical hypothyroidism, which is defined by an elevated TSH level and a normal-range free T 4 level without symptoms. [14]
Unlike the Wolff–Chaikoff effect, the Plummer effect does not prevent the thyroid from taking up radioactive iodine, e.g. in the case of nuclear emergencies.Therefore, "plummering" with high-dose iodine is only effective in a short time window after the release of radionuclides. [9]
While T3 and T4 thyroid hormones rely on MCT8 to enter several tissues such as the brain, tiratricol can enter cells independently of MCT8. [1] Once inside cells, tiratricol activates the thyroid hormone receptor in a similar way to endogenous T3. [1] The most common side effects are excessive sweating, irritability, anxiety and nightmares. [1]