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A Cochrane review found that while it is an effective treatment for shigellosis it also produces more significant adverse effects than other antibiotic drugs. [43] Staphylococcus aureus infections: No: No: No: In vitro and in vivo activity against both non-resistant and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. [44] [45 ...
Absorption. Sulfamethoxazole is well-absorbed when administered topically. It is rapidly absorbed when it is orally administered. [1] Distribution. Sulfamethoxazole distributes into most body tissues as well as into sputum, vaginal fluid, and middle ear fluid. [8] [11] It also crosses the placenta. About 70% of the drug is bound to plasma proteins.
Megaloblastic anaemia; Methaemoglobinaemia; Erythema multiforme; Low blood sugar; Hepatitis (liver swelling); Crystalluria (crystals in the urine); Urinary obstruction causing difficulty passing urine
Skin (percutaneous, dermal) absorption is the transport of chemicals from the outer surface of the skin both into the skin and into circulation. Skin absorption relates to the degree of exposure to and possible effect of a substance which may enter the body through the skin. Human skin comes into contact with many agents intentionally and ...
Antacids containing aluminium and calcium reduce the absorption of all tetracyclines, and dairy products reduce absorption greatly for all but minocycline. The breakdown products of tetracyclines are toxic and can cause Fanconi syndrome , a potentially fatal disease affecting proximal tubular function in the nephrons of the kidney.
Thus, microvilli not only increase the cellular surface area for absorption, they also increase the number of digestive enzymes that can be present on the cell surface. Microvilli are also present on immune cells, allowing the immune cells to sense features on the surface of pathogens and other antigen-presenting cells.
Some antibiotics may also damage the mitochondrion, a bacteria-derived organelle found in eukaryotic, including human, cells. [52] Mitochondrial damage cause oxidative stress in cells and has been suggested as a mechanism for side effects from fluoroquinolones. [53] They are also known to affect chloroplasts. [54]
Optical scattering occurs due to mismatches in refractive index of the different tissue components, ranging from cell membranes to whole cells. Cell nuclei and mitochondria are the most important scatterers. [11] Their dimensions range from 100 nm to 6 μm, and thus fall within the NIR window.