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The Quran was canonized only after Muhammad's death in 632 CE. According to Islamic tradition the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan (r. 23/644–35 AH/655 CE) established the canonical Qur'an, reportedly starting the process in 644 CE, [6] and completing the work around 650 CE (the exact date was not recorded by early Arab annalists). [7]
The Ma'il Quran is an 8th-century Quran (between 700 and 799 CE) originating from the Arabian peninsula. It contains two-thirds of the Qur'ān text and is one of the oldest Qur'āns in the world. It was purchased by the British Museum in 1879 from the Reverend Greville John Chester and is now kept in the British Library. [50]
The Cairo edition, published in Egypt in 1924, is the dominant print edition of the Quran today. It follows the Hafs reading. Earlier but lesser-known print editions also once existed, including the Hinckelmann edition , Marracci edition , both from the late 17th century, and notably the Flugel edition , established in 1834 and remaining in use ...
Some Shia Muslims believe that the fourth caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib was the first to compile the Quran shortly after Muhammad died. [5] The canonization process is believed to have been highly conservative, [6] although some amount of textual evolution is also indicated by the existence of codices like the Sanaa manuscript.
The Quran mentions the Zabur, interpreted as being the Book of Psalms, [14] as being the holy scripture revealed to King David . Scholars have often understood the Psalms to have been holy songs of praise, and not a book administering law. [15] The current Psalms are still praised by many Muslim scholars. [16]
Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format created by Adobe Systems for document exchange. PDF is used for representing two-dimensional documents in a manner independent of the application software, hardware, and operating system.
The work is presented as a review and synthesis of various hypotheses and historical discoveries related to the birth of Islam, the birth of the Quran, its development, its contextual and textual history, the major issues surrounding this text, its writing, propagation, and its canonization into a unique text. [2] [5]
A common religious manuscript would be a copy of the Qur'an, which is the sacred book of Islam. The Qur'an is believed by Muslims to be a divine revelation (the word of god) to Muhammad, revealed to him by Archangel Gabriel. [5] Qur'anic manuscripts can vary in form and function. Certain manuscripts were larger in size for ceremonial purposes ...