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Ammonia solution, also known as ammonia water, ammonium hydroxide, ammoniacal liquor, ammonia liquor, aqua ammonia, aqueous ammonia, or (inaccurately) ammonia, is a solution of ammonia in water. It can be denoted by the symbols NH 3 (aq). Although the name ammonium hydroxide suggests a salt with the composition [NH + 4][OH −
The reaction between a ketone and ammonia results in an imine and byproduct water. This reaction is water sensitive and thus drying agents such as aluminum chloride or a Dean–Stark apparatus must be employed to remove water. The resulting imine will react and decompose back into the ketone and the ammonia when in the presence of water.
All other proposed formation reactions have rate constants of between two and 13 orders of magnitude smaller, making their contribution to the abundance of ammonia relatively insignificant. [181] As an example of the minor contribution other formation reactions play, the reaction: H 2 + NH 2 → NH 3 + H. has a rate constant of 2.2 × 10 −15.
Some examples include The protonation of water by sulfuric acid: H 2 SO 4 + H 2 O ⇌ H 3 O + + HSO − 4; The protonation of isobutene in the formation of a carbocation: (CH 3) 2 C=CH 2 + HBF 4 ⇌ (CH 3) 3 C + + BF − 4; The protonation of ammonia in the formation of ammonium chloride from ammonia and hydrogen chloride: NH 3 + HCl → NH 4 Cl
Another common example is the reaction of a primary amine or secondary amine with a carboxylic acid or with a carboxylic acid derivative to form an amide. This reaction is widely used, especially in the synthesis of peptides. On the simple addition of an amine to a carboxylic acid, a salt of the organic acid and base is obtained.
2), and water (H 2 O). A reductant, typically anhydrous ammonia (NH 3), aqueous ammonia (NH 4 OH), or a urea (CO(NH 2) 2) solution, is added to a stream of flue or exhaust gas and is reacted onto a catalyst. As the reaction drives toward completion, nitrogen (N 2), and carbon dioxide (CO 2), in the case of urea use, are produced. Selective ...
Reactions between aldimines and α-methylene carbonyls are also considered Mannich reactions because these imines form between amines and aldehydes. The reaction is named after Carl Mannich. [2] [3] Scheme 1 – Ammonia or an amine reacts with formaldehyde and an alpha acidic proton of a carbonyl compound to a beta amino carbonyl compound.
For example, water undergoes autoprotolysis in the self-ionization of water reaction. It is a type of molecular autoionization. 2 H 2 O ⇌ OH − + H 3 O + Any solvent that contains both acidic hydrogen and lone pairs of electrons to accept H + can undergo autoprotolysis. For example, ammonia in its purest form may undergo autoprotolysis: