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Ammonia solution, also known as ammonia water, ammonium hydroxide, ammoniacal liquor, ammonia liquor, aqua ammonia, aqueous ammonia, or (inaccurately) ammonia, is a solution of ammonia in water. It can be denoted by the symbols NH 3 (aq). Although the name ammonium hydroxide suggests a salt with the composition [NH + 4][OH −
Apart from these remarkable solutions, much of the chemistry in liquid ammonia can be classified by analogy with related reactions in aqueous solutions. Comparison of the physical properties of NH 3 with those of water shows NH 3 has the lower melting point, boiling point, density, viscosity, dielectric constant and electrical conductivity.
Fritz Haber, 1918. The Haber process, [1] also called the Haber–Bosch process, is the main industrial procedure for the production of ammonia. [2] [3] It converts atmospheric nitrogen (N 2) to ammonia (NH 3) by a reaction with hydrogen (H 2) using finely divided iron metal as a catalyst:
As a result, more water is forced into the container from another inlet creating a fountain effect. The demonstration introduces concepts like solubility and the gas laws at entry level. An ammonia fountain demonstration. A different gas of comparable solubility in water, such as hydrogen chloride, can be used instead of ammonia. [2]
The experiment used methane (CH 4), ammonia (NH 3), hydrogen (H 2), in ratio 2:2:1, and water (H 2 O). Applying an electric arc (simulating lightning) resulted in the production of amino acids. It is regarded as a groundbreaking experiment, and the classic experiment investigating the origin of life (abiogenesis).
2), and water (H 2 O). A reductant, typically anhydrous ammonia (NH 3), aqueous ammonia (NH 4 OH), or a urea (CO(NH 2) 2) solution, is added to a stream of flue or exhaust gas and is reacted onto a catalyst. As the reaction drives toward completion, nitrogen (N 2), and carbon dioxide (CO 2), in the case of urea use, are produced. Selective ...
Reactions between aldimines and α-methylene carbonyls are also considered Mannich reactions because these imines form between amines and aldehydes. The reaction is named after Carl Mannich. [2] [3] Scheme 1 – Ammonia or an amine reacts with formaldehyde and an alpha acidic proton of a carbonyl compound to a beta amino carbonyl compound.
Alternatively the reaction can be carried out with lead cyanate and ammonia. [4] The actual reaction taking place is a double displacement reaction to form ammonium cyanate: Pb(OCN) 2 + 2 NH 3 + 2 H 2 O → Pb(OH) 2 + 2NH 4 (OCN) Ammonium cyanate decomposes to ammonia and cyanic acid which in turn react to produce urea: NH 4 (OCN) → NH 3 ...