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  2. ping (networking utility) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping_(networking_utility)

    ping is a computer network administration software utility used to test the reachability of a host on an Internet Protocol (IP) network. It is available for virtually all operating systems that have networking capability, including most embedded network administration software.

  3. List of IP protocol numbers - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IP_protocol_numbers

    This is a list of the IP protocol numbers found in the field Protocol of the IPv4 header and the Next Header field of the IPv6 header.It is an identifier for the encapsulated protocol and determines the layout of the data that immediately follows the header.

  4. PathPing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PathPing

    The PathPing command is a command-line network utility included in Windows NT operating systems since Windows 2000 that combines the functionality of ping with that of tracert. [1] It is used to locate spots that have network latency and network loss.

  5. traceroute - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traceroute

    PathPing is a utility introduced with Windows NT that combines ping and traceroute functionality. MTR is an enhanced version of ICMP traceroute available for Unix-like and Windows systems. The various implementations of traceroute all rely on ICMP Time Exceeded (type 11) packets being sent to the source.

  6. Reverse DNS lookup - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_DNS_lookup

    In computer networks, a reverse DNS lookup or reverse DNS resolution (rDNS) is the querying technique of the Domain Name System (DNS) to determine the domain name associated with an IP address – the reverse of the usual "forward" DNS lookup of an IP address from a domain name. [1]

  7. hping - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hping

    hping is an open-source packet generator and analyzer for the TCP/IP protocol created by Salvatore Sanfilippo (also known as Antirez). It is one of the common tools used for security auditing and testing of firewalls and networks, and was used to exploit the idle scan scanning technique (also invented by the hping author), and now implemented in the Nmap Security Scanner.

  8. Layer 8 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layer_8

    Layer 8 is a term used to refer to user or political layer on top of the 7-layer OSI model of computer networking. [1] [2]The OSI model is a 7-layer abstract model that describes an architecture of data communications for networked computers.

  9. USB communications - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_communications

    USB 2.0 also added a PING Token and a larger three-byte SPLIT Token: PING asks a device if it is ready to receive an OUT/DATA packet pair. PING is usually sent by a host when polling a device that most recently responded with NAK or NYET. This avoids the need to send a large data packet to a device that the host suspects is unwilling to accept ...