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The term pessimism derives from the Latin word pessimus, meaning 'the worst'.It was first used by Jesuit critics of Voltaire's 1759 novel Candide, ou l'Optimisme.Voltaire was satirizing the philosophy of Leibniz who maintained that this was the 'best (optimum) of all possible worlds'.
The suicidal person still desires goods in life — a "person who commits suicide stops living precisely because he cannot stop willing". [ 62 ] : 472 It is not one's own individual life that is the source of one's suffering, but the Will , the ceaselessly striving nature of existence.
The pessimistic outlook of the German philosopher Julius Bahnsen is often described as the most extreme form of philosophical pessimism, perhaps even more so than Mainländer's since it excludes any possibility of redemption or salvation, with Bahnsen being skeptical that art, asceticism or even culture can remove us from this world of ...
Defensive pessimism is a cognitive strategy in which an individual sets a low expectation for their performance, regardless of how well they have done in the past. . Individuals use defensive pessimism as a strategy to prepare for anxiety-provoking events or per
Some research has suggested a pessimistic explanatory style may be correlated with depression [3] and physical illness. [4] The concept of explanatory style encompasses a wide range of possible responses to both positive and negative occurrences, rather than a black-white difference between optimism and pessimism.
Neuroticism is a personality trait associated with negative emotions. It is one of the Big Five traits. Individuals with high scores on neuroticism are more likely than average to experience such feelings as anxiety, worry, fear, anger, frustration, envy, jealousy, pessimism, guilt, depressed mood, and loneliness. [1]
Variation in optimism between people is somewhat heritable [4] and reflects biological trait systems to some degree. [clarification needed] [5] A person's optimism is also influenced by environmental factors, including family environment, [4] and may be learnable. [6] [page needed] Optimism may also be related to health. [7]
For example, disappointments and disillusionments in life can cause a person to adopt a misanthropic outlook. [64] [65] In this regard, the more idealistic and optimistic the person initially was, the stronger this reversal and the following negative outlook tend to be. [64] This type of psychological explanation is found as early as Plato's ...