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Intracellular transport is more specialized than diffusion; it is a multifaceted process which utilizes transport vesicles. Transport vesicles are small structures within the cell consisting of a fluid enclosed by a lipid bilayer that hold cargo. These vesicles will typically execute cargo loading and vesicle budding, vesicle transport, the ...
Motor proteins are the driving force behind most active transport of proteins and vesicles in the cytoplasm. Kinesins and cytoplasmic dyneins play essential roles in intracellular transport such as axonal transport and in the formation of the spindle apparatus and the separation of the chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis.
Transcytosis (also known as cytopempsis) [1] is a type of transcellular transport in which various macromolecules are transported across the interior of a cell.Macromolecules are captured in vesicles on one side of the cell, drawn across the cell, and ejected on the other side.
Protein targeting or protein sorting is the biological mechanism by which proteins are transported to their appropriate destinations within or outside the cell. [1] [2] [note 1] Proteins can be targeted to the inner space of an organelle, different intracellular membranes, the plasma membrane, or to the exterior of the cell via secretion.
Intracellular trafficking occurs between subcellular compartments like Golgi cisternae and multivesicular endosomes for transport of soluble proteins as MVs. Budding of MVs directly from plasma membrane as microvesicles released outside the secretory cells. Exosomes are MVs that can form inside an internal compartment like multivesicular ...
Intracellular delivery is the process of introducing external materials into living cells. Materials that are delivered into cells include nucleic acids ( DNA and RNA ), proteins , peptides , impermeable small molecules , synthetic nanomaterials , organelles , and micron-scale tracers, devices and objects.
Facilitated Diffusion is a passive process that relies on carrier proteins to transport glucose down a concentration gradient. [ 2 ] Secondary Active Transport is transport of a solute in the direction of increasing electrochemical potential via the facilitated diffusion of a second solute (usually an ion, in this case Na + ) in the direction ...
GLUT4 is distinctive because it is predominantly stored within intracellular vesicles, highlighting the importance of its trafficking and regulation as a central area of research. [5] The first evidence for this glucose transport protein was provided by David James in 1988. [6] The gene that encodes GLUT4 was cloned [7] [8] and mapped in 1989. [9]