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The Frank Method is a method for packing tobacco into a smoking pipe initially developed by Achim Frank for use in pipe smoking competitions.. The Frank method involves compacting the tobacco from the sides without compressing the top.
In chemical engineering, the Souders–Brown equation (named after Mott Souders and George Granger Brown [1] [2]) has been a tool for obtaining the maximum allowable vapor velocity in vapor–liquid separation vessels (variously called flash drums, knockout drums, knockout pots, compressor suction drums and compressor inlet drums).
where is the density of the fluid, is the average velocity in the pipe, is the friction factor from the Moody chart, is the length of the pipe and is the pipe diameter. The chart plots Darcy–Weisbach friction factor against Reynolds number Re for a variety of relative roughnesses, the ratio of the mean height of roughness of the pipe to the ...
[13]: 61–72 Most fume hoods are commonly recommended to maintain an average face velocity of 80–120 feet (24–37 m) per minute for safe operation. [22]: 306 The minimum number of readings used to determine average face velocity varies according to ASHRAE standards, the most recent of which was produced in 2016. [96]
In laminar flow, friction loss arises from the transfer of momentum from the fluid in the center of the flow to the pipe wall via the viscosity of the fluid; no vortices are present in the flow. Note that the friction loss is insensitive to the pipe roughness height ε: the flow velocity in the neighborhood of the pipe wall is zero.
where is the Darcy friction factor (from the above equation or the Moody Chart), is the sublayer thickness, is the pipe diameter, is the density, is the friction velocity (not an actual velocity of the fluid), is the average velocity of the plug (in the pipe), is the shear on the wall, and is the pressure loss down the length of the pipe.
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where P 1 is the inlet pressure in psi, V is the flow velocity in ft/s, t is the valve closing time in seconds, and L is the upstream pipe length in feet. [ 29 ] Hence, we can say that the magnitude of the water hammer largely depends upon the time of closure, elastic components of pipe & fluid properties.