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As water molecules pull together, they also pull on the alveolar walls causing the alveoli to recoil and become smaller. But two factors prevent the lungs from collapsing: surfactant and the intrapleural pressure. Surfactant is a surface-active lipoprotein complex formed by type II alveolar cells.
Exhalation (or expiration) is the flow of the breath out of an organism. In animals, it is the movement of air from the lungs out of the airways , to the external environment during breathing . This happens due to elastic properties of the lungs, as well as the internal intercostal muscles which lower the rib cage and decrease thoracic volume.
Insensible perspiration, also known as transepidermal water loss, is the passive vapour diffusion of water through the epidermis. Insensible perspiration takes place at an almost constant rate and reflects evaporative loss from the epithelial cells of the skin. [1] Unlike sweating, the lost fluid is pure without additional solutes. For this ...
The normal relaxed state of the lung and chest is partially empty. Further exhalation requires muscular work. Inhalation is an active process requiring work. [4] Some of this work is to overcome frictional resistance to flow, and part is used to deform elastic tissues, and is stored as potential energy, which is recovered during the passive process of exhalation, Tidal breathing is breathing ...
Increased pulmonary compliance may be associated with COPD and emphysema due to loss of alveolar and elastic tissue. Pulmonary surfactant increases compliance by decreasing the surface tension of water. The internal surface of the alveolus is covered with a thin coat of fluid. The water in this fluid has a high surface tension, and provides a ...
The solute loss can be as much as 350 mmol/d (or 90 mmol/d acclimatised) of sodium under the most extreme conditions. During average intensity exercise, sweat losses can average up to 2 litres (0.44 imp gal; 0.53 US gal) of water/hour. In a cool climate and in the absence of exercise, sodium loss can be very low (less than 5 mmol/d). Sodium ...
Freediving blackout, breath-hold blackout, [1] or apnea blackout is a class of hypoxic blackout, a loss of consciousness caused by cerebral hypoxia towards the end of a breath-hold (freedive or dynamic apnea) dive, when the swimmer does not necessarily experience an urgent need to breathe and has no other obvious medical condition that might have caused it.
Exercise and heat exposure cause loss of water and therefore may induce thirst and greater water intake. [6] Active people in hot climates may need 6.0 litres (211 imp fl oz; 203 US fl oz) of water, or more, per day. [6] How much drinking water contributes to the intake of mineral nutrients is unclear.