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Gerken H. "The real problem with Citizens United: Campaign finance, dark money, and shadow parties" 97 Marquette Law Review (2014) 903. Hansen, Wendy L., Michael S. Rocca, and Brittany Leigh Ortiz. "The effects of Citizens United on corporate spending in the 2012 presidential election." Journal of Politics 77.2 (2015): 535–545. in JSTOR; Kang, M.
The rise of dark money groups was aided by the U.S. Supreme Court decisions in FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. (2008) and Citizens United v. FEC (2010). [4] In Citizens United, the Court ruled (by a 5–4 vote) that corporations and unions could spend unlimited amounts of money to advocate for or against political candidates. [14]
The proliferation of “dark money” in political spending stems from the Supreme Court’s 2010 Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission ruling, which allowed corporations, nonprofits and ...
In Citizens United, the high court laid out a clear and straightforward application of the First Amendment: You are entitled to speak your mind at your own expense about political candidates, so ...
Shadow campaigns (or dark money) refers to spending meant to influence political outcomes where the source of the money is not publicly disclosed or is difficult to trace. [1] United States campaign finance law has been regulated by the Federal Election Commission since its creation in the wake of the Watergate Scandal in 1975, and in the years ...
The case was Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission and it stemmed from a film criticizing presidential candidate Hillary Clinton in 2008. ... “While secret spending, also known as 'dark ...
Contributions made directly to a specific candidate are called hard money and those made to parties and committees "for party building in general rather than for specific candidates" are called soft money or "independent spending". Following a couple of 2010 court decisions (Citizens United v. FEC and SpeechNOW.org v.
In 2010, the U.S. Supreme Court invited an avalanche of dark money via its Citizens United ruling. The 5-4 court majority reversed decades of precedent in permitting corporations, unions and ...