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In enzymology, a 5-oxoprolinase (ATP-hydrolysing) (EC 3.5.2.9) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction. ATP + 5-oxo-L-proline + 2 H 2 O ADP + phosphate + L-glutamate. The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, 5-oxo-L-proline, and H 2 O, whereas its 3 products are ADP, phosphate, and L-glutamate.
The names of pyroglutamic acid conjugate base, anion, salts, and esters are pyroglutamate, 5-oxoprolinate, or pidolate. Formation of pyroglutamic acid from N-terminal glutamine. It is a metabolite in the glutathione cycle that is converted to glutamate by 5-oxoprolinase. Pyroglutamate is found in many proteins including bacteriorhodopsin.
The HOMA model was originally designed as a special case of a more general structural (HOMA-CIGMA) model that includes the continuous infusion of glucose with model assessment (CIGMA) approach; both techniques use mathematical equations to describe the functioning of the major effector organs influencing glucose/insulin interactions.
The conversion of the amino acid glutamine to α-ketoglutarate takes place in two reaction steps: Conversion of glutamine to α-ketoglutarate. 1. Hydrolysis of the amino group of glutamine yielding glutamate and ammonium. Catalyzing enzyme: glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.2) 2. Glutamate can be excreted or can be further metabolized to α-ketoglutarate.
[32] [33] A Cochrane systematic review also examined 1 study showing improvement of C-peptide levels in cases of Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in adults, 5 years following treatment with GAD 65.Still, it is important to highlight that the studies available to be included in this review presented considerable flaws in quality and design. [34]
Failure in the regulation of glyceroneogenesis may lead to type 2 diabetes, a metabolic disorder that results in high levels of blood glucose and blood lipid. [5] Type 2 diabetes, in addition to a decreased sensitivity to insulin , is associated with the overproduction of triglycerides in the liver, due to excessively active glyceroneogenesis ...
Eating more than 45% of daily calorie intake after 5 p.m. may contribute to higher blood glucose (sugar) levels in older adults with prediabetes or early type 2 diabetes, a recent study suggests.
Glutamate is a common and abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system; however, if there is too much glutamate transmission, this can kill or at least damage neurons and has been implicated in many neurological diseases and disorders [37] therefore the balance that NAAG peptidase contributes to is quite important.