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In calculus, Taylor's theorem gives an approximation of a -times differentiable function around a given point by a polynomial of degree , called the -th-order Taylor polynomial. For a smooth function , the Taylor polynomial is the truncation at the order k {\textstyle k} of the Taylor series of the function.
That is, the Taylor series diverges at x if the distance between x and b is larger than the radius of convergence. The Taylor series can be used to calculate the value of an entire function at every point, if the value of the function, and of all of its derivatives, are known at a single point. Uses of the Taylor series for analytic functions ...
Given a twice continuously differentiable function of one real variable, Taylor's theorem for the case = states that = + ′ () + where is the remainder term. The linear approximation is obtained by dropping the remainder: f ( x ) ≈ f ( a ) + f ′ ( a ) ( x − a ) . {\displaystyle f(x)\approx f(a)+f'(a)(x-a).}
For a n-times differentiable function, by Taylor's theorem the Taylor series expansion is given as (+) = + ′ ()! + ()! + + ()! + (),. Where n! denotes the factorial of n, and R n (x) is a remainder term, denoting the difference between the Taylor polynomial of degree n and the original function.
A Laurent series is a generalization of the Taylor series, allowing terms with negative exponents; it takes the form = and converges in an annulus. [6] In particular, a Laurent series can be used to examine the behavior of a complex function near a singularity by considering the series expansion on an annulus centered at the singularity.
Multi-index notation is a mathematical notation that simplifies formulas used in multivariable calculus, partial differential equations and the theory of distributions, by generalising the concept of an integer index to an ordered tuple of indices.
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Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables. Applied Mathematics Series. Vol. 55 (Ninth reprint with additional corrections of tenth original printing with corrections (December 1972); first ed.). Washington D.C.;