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The classic example of a positional game is tic-tac-toe. In it, X {\displaystyle X} contains the 9 squares of the game-board, F {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}} contains the 8 lines that determine a victory (3 horizontal, 3 vertical and 2 diagonal), and the winning criterion is: the first player who holds an entire winning-set wins.
Tic-tac-toe A completed game of tic-tac-toe Other names Noughts and Crosses Xs and Os Genres Paper-and-pencil game Players 2 Setup time Minimal Playing time ~1 minute Chance None Skills Strategy, tactics, observation Tic-tac-toe (American English), noughts and crosses (Commonwealth English), or Xs and Os (Canadian or Irish English) is a paper-and-pencil game for two players who take turns ...
Diagram showing optimal strategy for tic-tac-toe.With perfect play, and from any initial move, both players can always force a draw. In combinatorial game theory, a two-player deterministic perfect information turn-based game is a first-player-win if with perfect play the first player to move can always force a win.
The game tree size is the total number of possible games that can be played: the number of leaf nodes in the game tree rooted at the game's initial position.. The game tree is typically vastly larger than the state space because the same positions can occur in many games by making moves in a different order (for example, in a tic-tac-toe game with two X and one O on the board, this position ...
Tic tac toe is a classic game. How to win tic tac toe requires strategic thinking and planning to win the game or force a draw. When you’re the first one up, there is a simple strategy on how to ...
It is played by two players, called First and Second, who alternately take previously untaken positions. In a strong positional game, the winner is the first player who holds all the elements of a winning-set. If all positions are taken and no player wins, then it is a draw. Classic Tic-tac-toe is an example of a strong positional game.
Combinatorial Games: Tic-Tac-Toe Theory is a monograph on the mathematics of tic-tac-toe and other positional games, written by József Beck.It was published in 2008 by the Cambridge University Press as volume 114 of their Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications book series (ISBN 978-0-521-46100-9).
A strategy-stealing argument can be used on the example of the game of tic-tac-toe, for a board and winning rows of any size. [2] [3] Suppose that the second player (P2) is using a strategy S which guarantees a win. The first player (P1) places an X in an arbitrary position. P2 responds by placing an O according to S.
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