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The Gnutella network is a fully distributed alternative to such semi-centralized systems as FastTrack and the original Napster. The initial popularity of the network was spurred on by Napster's threatened legal demise in early 2001.
March – Gnutella becomes the first decentralized file sharing network with the release of a network client by Justin Frankel and Tom Pepper of Nullsoft. [32] Like Napster, users could share large numbers of files at once, and search across the entire network for files. March – Phex (formerly FURI) Gnutella client released. [33] May – UMG v.
An academic research paper analyzed Gnutella and eMule protocols and found weaknesses in the protocol; many of the issues found in these networks are fundamental and probably common on other P2P networks. [1] Users of file sharing networks, such as eMule and Gnutella, are subject to monitoring of their activity.
Following Napster's demise, alternative decentralized methods of P2P file-sharing emerged, including LimeWire, Gnutella, Freenet, FastTrack, and BitTorrent. Napster's assets were eventually acquired by Roxio , and it re-emerged as an online music store commonly known as Napster 2.0 .
A similar mechanism can be used on the Gnutella network with magnet links. For instance Bitzi provides a web interface to search for magnet links. Earlier P2P networks, such as Napster, used a centralized database to locate files. This does not have a scaling problem, but the central server is a single point of failure.
Faced with new piracy sites like Limewire and Gnutella, the labels chose Apple and iTunes. Coupled with the 2001 launch of the iPod, a portable MP3 player with room for (gasp!) 1,000 songs, the ...
Because this process occurred on a central server, however, Napster was held liable for copyright infringement and shut down in July 2001. It later reopened as a pay service. [3] After Napster was shut down, peer-to-peer services were invented such as Gnutella and Kazaa. These services also allowed users to download files other than music, such ...
Kazaa was introduced by the Dutch company Consumer Empowerment in March 2001, near the end of the first generation of P2P networks typified by the shutdown of Napster in July 2001. Skype itself was based on Kazaa's P2P backend, which allowed users to make a call by directly connecting them with each other.