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The equilibrium constant for a full redox reaction can be obtained from the standard redox potentials of the constituent half-reactions. At equilibrium the potential for the two half-reactions must be equal to each other and, of course, the number of electrons exchanged must be the same in the two half reactions. [32]
In a chemical reaction, chemical equilibrium is the state in which both the reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time, so that there is no observable change in the properties of the system. [1] This state results when the forward reaction proceeds at the same rate as the reverse ...
In chemistry, the common-ion effect refers to the decrease in solubility of an ionic precipitate by the addition to the solution of a soluble compound with an ion in common with the precipitate. [1] This behaviour is a consequence of Le Chatelier's principle for the equilibrium reaction of the ionic association / dissociation .
However, the equilibrium constant for the loss of two protons applies equally well to the equilibrium [M(H 2 O) n] z+ - 2 H + ⇌ [MO(H 2 O) n-2] (z-2)+ + H 2 O. because the concentration of water is assumed to be constant. This applies in general: any equilibrium constant is equally valid for a product with an oxide ion as for the product with ...
However, when the ionic strength is changed the measured equilibrium constant will also change, so there is a need to estimate individual (single ion) activity coefficients. Debye–Hückel theory provides a means to do this, but it is accurate only at very low concentrations. Hence the need for an extension to Debye–Hückel theory.
Knowing the analytical concentrations of reactants initially in the reaction vessel and in the burette, all analytical concentrations can be derived as a function of the volume (or mass) of titrant added. The equilibrium constants may be derived by best-fitting of the experimental data with a chemical model of the equilibrium system.
In chemistry, ion association is a chemical reaction whereby ions of opposite electric charge come together in solution to form a distinct chemical entity. [1] [2] Ion associates are classified, according to the number of ions that associate with each other, as ion pairs, ion triplets, etc. Ion pairs are also classified according to the nature of the interaction as contact, solvent-shared or ...
Associative ionization is a gas phase reaction in which two atoms or molecules interact to form a single product ion. [4]+ + + where species A with excess internal energy (indicated by the asterisk) interacts with B to form the ion AB +.